PHT 434
osmosis
Osmosis is the diffusion of solvent through a semipermeable membrane.
Water always flows from lower solute concentration
[dilute solution] to higher solute concentration until a
balance is produced
Types Hypotonic
of Tonicity isotonic
NaCl 0.2%
NaCl 0.9%
Hypertonic
NaCl 2%
solute
solute
solute
=solute
solute
solute
Inside
outside
Inside
outside
Inside
outside
swelling
equilibrium
shrinkage
Subcutaneous injection:
Hypodermoclysis
Intramuscular injection
Intravenous injection
.Isotonicity
Intrathecal injestion
Eye lotions
Should be isotonic
Eye drops
Preferably isotonic
Nasal drops
cont
Class I
Adding substace to lower f.p of solution to -0.52
1. Freezing point depression (FPD) cryoscopic
method.
2. NaCL equivalent method.
Class II
Adding H2O
3. White Vincent method
same tonicity
?How to calculate
0.52 a
w%
b
w%
a
b
Example I
How much NaCl is required to render 100 ml of
a 1% soln. of apomorphin HCL isotonic?
F.p.d of 1%NaCl=0.58, F.p.d of 1%drug=0.08
0.52 a
0.52 0.08
w%
w%
b
0.58
1% drug
1% NaCl
w% NaCl
w% 0.76%
Example II
adjust isotonicity of procaine HCl 3% using
NaCl ? Fpd of 1%NaCl=0.57, f.p.d of 1%
drug=0.112
0.52 a
w%
b
w%
0.52 (0.112 * 3)
0.576
wt.drug
M.wt
drug
xV
wt.drug
M.wt
drug
xV
Liso ( NaCl ) x
drug
wt.drug 1gm
wt.NaCl
M.wt NaCl x V NaCl
wt .NaCl
M.wt NaCl x V
wt.NaCl E NaCl
M.wt
NaCl
NaCl
58.45
E NaCl
17 Liso (drug)
M.wt
drug
Example I
Calculate ENaCl of drug (M.wt=187, Liso=3.4)?
E NaCl
17 Liso (drug)
M.wt
drug
E NaCl 0.31gm
Example II
Calculate amount of NaCl needed to adjust 1.5%
Atropine SO4 (ENaCl =0.12gm)
=0.9 (W x E)
= 0.9 (1.5x 0.12)
= 0.72 gm of NaCl should be added
Last example
II example
Add volume of H2O and then complete with
isotonic solution
Phenacaine HCl
0.06 gm (E NaCl=0.16)
Boric acid
0.3 gm (E NaCl=0.5)
sterile distilled H2O up to 100 ml