TRASNFER
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
What are Transport Phenomena ?
Ans. A combination of three closely related topics
Momentum Transfer/Transport
Fluid Dynamics
Energy Transfer/Transport
Heat Transfer
Chemical Species Mass Transfer/Transport
Mass Transfer
Q.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
INTRODUCTION, contd. - 2
THREE LEVELS OF STUDY OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
1.
Macroscopic Level
2.
Microscopic Level
3.
Molecular Level
Integral Analysis
Macroscopic Level
A Macroscopic Balance of
1. Mass
2. Momentum
3. Energy
Due to various inputs & outputs
from our control volume
Differential Analysis
Microscopic Level
A Microscopic Balance of
1. Mass
2. Momentum
3. Energy
Due to various inputs & outputs
from our control volume
INTRODUCTION, contd. - 4
Molecular Level
To seek the fundamental understanding of the process of
1. Mass transfer
2. Momentum transfer
3. Energy transfer
In terms of molecular structure & intermolecular forces
A job primarily for
1. Theoretical Physicists
2. Physical Chemist
Some times Engineers/applied scientists do get involved in cases of
1. Complex molecules
2. Extreme temperatures/pressures
3. Chemical Reacting Flows
INTRODUCTION, contd. - 5
Each of these levels involve typical length scales
Macroscopic Level
Order of cm or m
Microscopic Level
Micron to cm range
Molecular Level
1 to 1000 nanometers
y
x
t=0
y
x
V
vx(y, t)
y
x
small t
V
vx(y)
large t
y
x
Fluid initially
at rest
Mathematical Interpretation
F V
A Y
F
V
A
Y
yx
x-direction
yx
dvx
dy
The temperature dependence is between T0.6 and T. Some theories are available.
Example 1.1-1
The temperature dependence is between T0.6 and T. Some theories are available.
Behaviour Of Liquids
Magnitudes:
Air @ 20C
0.00018 g/cm/sec
Example 1.3-1
1.
2.
3. If the fluid is isotropic-that is, it has no preferred directionthen the coefficients in front of the two expressions must be
scalars so that
Appendix B.1
Non-Newtonian Fluids
For non-Newtonian fluids
The functional dependence between the shear stress and the
velocity gradient is more complex.
We can write in the most general format:
non-Newtonian
dvx
f yx ,
, fluid properties 0
dy
Newtonian
yx
non-Newtonian
dvx dy
yx
dvx
dy
Where,
= Apparent Fluid Viscosity, a function of either yx / dvx/dy / both
Effects of
1. Thus apparent fluid viscosity is dependent on the current state of
fluid
2. If apparent viscosity decreases with increasing rate of shear (-dvx/dy)
1. The behaviour is termed pseudoplastic
3. If apparent viscosity increases with increasing rate of shear (-dvx/dy)
1. The behaviour is termed dilatant
Ostwald
Eyring
Ellis
Reiner
Things To Remember
These models are empirical, that is
the parameters of the models are
obtained by curve fitting
The parameters are function of T, P
and composition
These model equations should not
be used outside their range of
validity.