Hot Spot Volcanoes

4th
Magma From
deep interior
-Basaltic
Fixed place Plate movement
Island arc
Direction of
plate
Hawaii, Reunion,
Kurile, Aleutian

Aleutian Islands

comparison
Andesitic eruption
Basaltic eruption
Occur at mid-oceanic
ridge and hot spot
volcanism
Basalt highly fluid
mobile
Spread across easily
Quite eruption

Volcanic arcs, volcanic

mountains
Andesite less fluid
less mobile
Solidifies at short
distance- intense
pressure develop
inside explosive

comparison
Andesitic eruption
Basaltic eruption

Volcanic Landforms

Intrusive Landforms

Intrusive Volcanic Landforms

Intrusive Landforms
Intrusion of Magma in sedimentary rocks
Sills (Horizontal)
Dyke (Vertical)
Laccolith magma which could not come out
Lopolith saucer-shaped
Phacolith shape like waves
Batholith intrusive granitic rock

Extrusive volcanic Landforms

Lava plateaus
Hot spot volcano
on continental
crust
Cracks on
continental crust
Basaltic eruption
Spread across the
land
Layer over layer
EX. Deccan lava
trapps

Indian Deccan trap

Indian plate passed
over a hot spot
near Reunion
Island
Basaltic eruption
Layer over layers
looks like steps =>
Deccan lava traps
Soil black soil
regur

Spatial distribution of Lava Plateau

List of lava plateaus of the world

Columbia-snake
plateau, USA
Ozark plateau, USA
Parana-Patagonia, S.
America
Adamawa plateau,
Africa
Bie plateau, Africa
Katanga Plateau,
Africa

Deccan plateau, India

Arabian plateau
Balkan plateau,
Europe
Siberian plateau,
Russia
Yunan Plateau, China
Shan plateau,
Myanmar
Kimberly plateau,
Australia

Extrusive volcanic Landforms

Shield / Dome volcano

Volcanic Islands
(Hot spot)
Highly fluid lava
(basaltic) build
dome
Gentle slope
Quite volcano
Volcanoes of
Hawaii

Cinder cones

O-C collision
volcanic
mountains
Less fluid lava
(Andesitic)
explode violently
Viscous lava
solidifies at short
distance
Mt. Paricutin, Mexico

Composite Cones

Volcanic
mountains
Each new
eruption new
layers of ash or
lava

Mt. Stromboli, Mt.

Vesuvius, Mt. Fuji

Types of Volcanic cones

Shield/
dome
Highly
fluid

Cinder

Composit
e
Less fluid / Fluid +
highly
viscous
viscous
Silent flow Violent
Multiple
eruption
and
violent
eruption
Gentle
Steep
Highest

 Geysers
=fountains of
Hot water
Ground water
heated by
shallow
source of
magma
Old faithful
geyser, Yellow
stone park,
USA

Geysers

Hot Spring

Hot Spring:
Water reach
deep enough
heated by
interior
Locate any part
of the world

Difference between
geyser
and
Geyser
G/w heated
by shallow magma
Hotspring
source
Hot spring g/w
heated by either
magma source or
heated rocks
Geyser chamber in
interior pressure
comes out like
fountain
Hot spring - quite

comparison
Hot spring
geyser
Geysers are rare
Hot water dissolved
with silica
accumulated on
surface gives
different colours
USA, - Yellowstone
park

Found anywhere
They gets different
colors from heatloving bacteria, like
cyanobacteria
Medicinal values
Can be helpful in
harness geo-thermal
energy

Geo-thermal energy
Heated water
is taken out
used for
moving
turbine
generation of
electricity
Cooled water
flown back
into interior

Limitations of geo-thermal energy

Difficult to locate a good source of
geothermal reservoir with current
technology
Difficult to dig a deep well with hard
and hot bedrock
Harmful gases can escape from the
earth interior while exploration GHG
gases and dissolved toxic elements

volcanism

Sudden movement or
vibration in earths
crust.
Release of the energy
due to intense pressure
+ active internal
dynamism of the earth

Geomor
pho
Earthqu
ake

Types of Earthquake

1) Shallow focus
EQ
2) Intermediate
focus EQ
3) Deep focus
EQ
Shallow focus
destructive

Earthquakes inSubduction
Japan of Pacific
plate
At Junction of 3 plates

Reasons behind EQ

1st
Collision of
Plate
boundaries
O-O collision
O-C collision
C-C collision

Reasons behind EQ

2nd
Divergent
Plate
boundaries
O-O
divergence
MOR

Reasons behind EQ
3th
Transverse plate
boundaries
Friction developed
between two
plates

Reasons behind EQ

4th
Mediterranean
sea region
Numerous small
plates
Frequent
interactions

Reasons behind EQ
5th
Craton = stable part
of crust
Re-emergence of old
fractures

6th
Human Induced
1) RIS
2) mining
3) Nuclear testing

Catastrophic events on
earth
Their reasons and
distributions
Volcanism
EQ

Geomorphology
Oceanography

volcanism

Submarine EQ
Sudden disturbances
of underlying plates
transmit the shock
waves to surface
waves

Geomor
pho
Tsunami

comparison
Tsunami waves
Normal waves

Speed 100 kmph

Cover shorter distances
Wavelength ~100 km

Speed 700 kmph

Cover longer distances
Wavelength > 150
km

wavelength
Distance between
two crests of
troughs =
wavelength
Waves of Tsunami
are wider than
normal waves of
the ocean water

Phase 1
EQ on ocean crust
uplift the water
upward
Tsunami wave
generated
Sea water recede at
the shore
Vessels in the midsea cannot
recongnise the
tsunami waves

Phase 2

At coast depth
decrease
wavelength
decreases wave
height increases
A huge wall of
water 10-12
floor high created
Enormous energy
released at the
shore

Phase 3
Hit the coast
Tsunami- not a
single wave but
multiple waves
4th and 8th waves
are the most
dangerous
Time lapse
between each
waves 15 to 50
minutes

Phases of tsunami

Indian preparedness against

Tsunami
Tsunami Early warning system- gives warning in
10 minutes of submarine earthquake
Indian National centre for Ocean Information
Sciences (INCOIS),Hyderabad
To capture Tsunami wave amplitude on 24x7
basis
real time sea-level sensors with bottom pressure
recorders
HF radars for coastal currents
Coastal tide gauge stations

Geomorphology
Interior of the earth
Continental drift sea
floor sprading- plate
tectonic theories
Mountains plateaus
plains
Catastrophic events
Volcanism, EQ and