Science and

Statistics
Statistics for experimenter,
George E.P.Box, William G. Hunter, J.S. Hunter

SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
a detailed study of a subject,
especially in order to discover
(new) information or reach a
(new) understandin
Research comprises "creative
work undertaken on a
systematic basis in order to
increase the stock of
knowledge,
a systematic way of gathering
data and harnessing curiosity.

(Creswell) - "Research is a
process of steps used to
collect and analyze
information to increase our
understanding of a topic or
issue".
It consists of three steps:
Pose a question,
collect data to answer the
question, and
present an answer to the
question.[6]

SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
A LEARNING
PROCESS

DATA

STATISTICAL
METHODS

To make the process

as efficient as
possible

A learning proses

!!

??

Seorang pemuda A bersama

sejumlah siswa di sebuah
ruang. A menuangkan
minuman (larutan) pada
sebuah gelas. A bertanya
apa yang akan terjadi
apabila larutan tersebut
terus menerus dituangkan
pada gelas.
Salah satu siswa menjawab,
bahwa larutan akan penuh
sampai bagian atas dan
terus keatas seperti air
mancur. Beberapa siswa lain
sepakat.
Salah satu siswa lainnya
berpendapat larutan akan
tumpah melalui tepi-tepi
gelas.
A mengajak siswa-siswa
tersebut melakukan
eksperimen dan pembuktian
apa yang sebenarnya terjadi

keylearning
start with questions,
dissenting (perbedaan
pendapat),
Hypotheses (prakiraan)
salah--diperbaiki
uji coba (pembuktian)
data new info
-knowledge

iterative learning
process
DATA (facts, phenomena)

***

deduction

***

induction
deduction
induction

Hyphothesis (conjecture, model, theory)

SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH

DEDUCTION :
reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect)
he act of subtracting (removing a part from the whole)
PENGURANGAN

INDUCTION: reasoning from detailed

facts to general principles (IMBASAN)

Learning Process as a
Feedback Loop

H2 replaces H1

examples [chemical
reactions]

Info awal
(pengalaman/penget
ahuan, referensi)

Belum ada Data

Konsekuensi eksperimen

hasil eksperimen .

Hipotesis
tidak
terbukti

lanjutan

Pengolahan &
Penyajian data
Analisis
Kesimpulan

After a series ups and downs, failure

admitted and
success would be celebrated

Setelah menjalani perjuangan (berkali-kali

uji coba, hasil yang meleset dari dugaan),
maka kesalahan dapat diakui dengan
yakin dan claim keberhasilan baru tepat
untuk dinyatakan dan kesuksesan baru
boleh dirayakan.

Knowledge of strategy to proceed an

effective and efficient research=
knowledge of statistical methods

The Role of

Experimental Design

Design of experimental
(DoE)
is an efficient (statistical) procedure for planning
experiments so that the data obtained can be
analyzed to yield valid and objective conclusions.
DOE begins with:
determining the objectives of an experiment
selecting the process factors for the study.

An Experimental Design is the laying out of a

detailed experimental plan in advance of doing
the experiment.

SUMBER KESULITAN dalam

PENELITIAN ILMIAH

PERAN DESAIN EKSPERIMENTAL

How to use statistical techniques

Find out much about the problem
Considering the nonstatistical knowledge
Define and aware to the objectives
Learn from each other (interplay between
theory and practice)

EXERCISE