Electrical and Instrumentation (E&I) Engineering for Oil and Gas Facilities

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Power system
Power generation plants are located based on fuel
availability
Other considerations like water, pollution issues etc.
Often they are in remote locations
Loads are situated in population centers
Transporting generated power to population centers for use
requires a power system

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Why AC?
Almost the entire power generation and
transmission is by AC (alternating current)
AC lends itself to voltage changes easily
Voltage can be chosen for optimum efficiency and
optimum capital cost
Thus better economy of power system operations

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

AC Waveform
A voltage or current in AC circuits varies cyclically
a number of times per second
This number is called the frequency (F)
The time for one cycle is thus 1/F
The variation follows a sine relationship and the
waveform is called a sine wave
An electrical system can be of single or 3 phase type

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Single and three phase generators

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Three phase AC
Universally adopted because of lower equipment
cost per unit power handled
Helpful while interconnecting several generating
sources (the sources tend remain in phase or stay
synchromised)
Three phase AC motors (which account for most
of the energy used) have a simple design and are
self starting

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Electrical Power and Energy

In DC circuits
Power=Voltage x Current (Watts)
Energy= Power x Time (Watt Hours)

In AC circuits instantaneous voltage and current

keep changing as they follow a sine curve
Power is computed using Root Mean Square (RMS)
voltage and RMS current

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

AC Power
Fundamental Definition of Power:

p(t ) v (t ) i (t )
In an AC circuit both are sinusoidal against time
Sinusoidal Voltage and Current are defined in RMS
magnitudes where:

Vrms

Vpeak
2

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

I rms

I peak
2

8
Technology Training that Works

Single Phase AC Power

Transmission

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

9
Technology Training that Works

The Power Triangle

S P 2 S2
P
powerfacto r cos
S
a cos( power factor )
Q S * sin

P S * cos

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Formulae for Power

Apparent power S = V*I

Active Power P = V*I*Cos f
Reactive Power Q = V*I* Sin f
Cos f is known as the Power Factor and f is the
power factor angle
The angle depends on the ratio of the
resistance to the reactance in a circuit

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Typical Transmission Substation & transmission lines

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Power distribution

Distribution is done at lower voltage levels

Distances are much shorter than transmission
Voltage levels are typically 33 kV and less
Bulk of the consumers draw power at lower voltages
This requires distribution at two different levels
Distribution substations convert power from
transmission to distribution voltages
We will discuss the equipment used for T&D in the next
webcast

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Three phase power network

All AC generation, Transmission and Distribution is
through 3 phase systems
Exception: Single phase/SWER distribution systems

Utilisation can be 3 phase (motors and rectifiers for

drives, furnaces) or single phase (commercial and
lighting)
Ability to transmit larger amount of power for a given
voltage/conductor volume
Availability of rugged 3 phase cage motors with self
starting capability
www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Distribution equipment
Switching and isolation equipment
Circuit breakers
Disconnectors
Control gear

Conductors for carrying power

Overhead bare
Overhead insulated
UG cables

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Substations
A facility incorporating

Transformers
Switching/isolation equipment
Control/protection/measuring
Auxiliary power equipment

Indoor or Outdoor type

Air-insulated or gas-insulated
Different configurations

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

Typical indoor
distribution substation
Outdoor 330 kV switchyard
(Transmission)

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

A 400 kV Transmission line and

Structure

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works

DO YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE?

If you are interested in further training or information,
please visit:
http://idc-online.com/slideshare

www.idc-online.com/slideshare

Technology Training that Works