Pipe Flow

Universitas Indonesia
Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik Mesin
Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI
Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng
Introduction
Purposes of Using Pipe
A fluid is conveyed through a confined passage:
maintain its pressure different from the atmospheric pressure
Round pipes are most frequently employed to carry fluids over

small or large distances. Pipes are used to convey:
water for water distribution networks

oil for oil transportation
air for pneumatic systems
gases or steam for commercial and domestic requirements
Other use of pipe:

power transmission when high-pressure fluids are transmitted
from one point to another
Large pipes called penstocks used to lead high pressure water to
hydraulic turbines
interconnecting pipes in oil servo-mechanisms and pneumatic
control systems
Introduction
As desired, pressure in a pipe:
above atmospheric pressure
below the atmospheric pressure
Limitation:
no upper limit on the positive pressure or gauge pressure
a definite restriction to the negative pressure being dropped
below the saturation vapour pressure at that temperature.
Liquids tend to evaporate and constitute liquid-vapour mixtures:
vapour-lock obstruction to flow.
cavitation
Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that pipes convey fluids at

pressures in excess of the vapour pressure
It may also be noted that when a pipe discharges a fluid to the
atmosphere the pressure at the exit must be atmospheric
Similarly, when a pipe draws in a fluid from the environment,
the pressure at the entry must be the ambient pressure
Friction Loss in Pipe Flow

Darcy-Weisbach Formula
When a fluid flows steadily through a pipe of constant
diameter, thc,c,e average velocity at each cross section
remains the same
The static pressure p drops along the direction of flow
because the stagnation pressure drops due to loss of energy
in overcoming friction as the flow occurs
Darcy equation relates the head loss due to frictional or
turbulent flow through a pipe to the velocity of the fluid,
friction factor and the diameter of the pipe

Darcy-Weisbach Formula
Pressure force
along the flow:
Frictional force due to

shearing at the pipe wall
1
Ff CD U 2 dl
2
FP p1 p2 d 2 4 (1)
p1 p2
1
2
d 4 CD U 2 dl
2
CD = drag coefficient
(2)
fl U 2 8 flQ 2
hf
2 5 (3)
d 2 g gd
f = friction factor
For laminar flow :
64
(4)
f
Re
For turbulent flow:
0,316
Re1/ 4
4 103 Re 105 (5)


Moody Diagram
Colebrook:
/D
1
2,51
2, 0 log
3, 7 Re f
(6)
Re
Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Apart from the head loss in a pipe flow due to friction, there
are other sources of loss of head
enlargements
contractions
bends
Sudden enlargement
exit
entrance
valve
the separation of flow at the periphery of the smaller pipe

consequent eddying motion in the corner region
The pressure drop or head loss from 1 to 2 can be evaluated by
applying the continuity and integral momentum equations

Continuity
AU
(7)
1 1 A2U 2 Q
Momentum
p1 A1 px ( A2 A1 ) p2 A2 Q (U 2 U1 ) (8)
Conservation Assuming that p the pressure in the stagnant zone just after
x
expansion equals p1 because there cannot be an abrupt change of

pressure across the same section xx
( p1 p2 )
( p1 p2 ) A2 Q(U 2 U1 )
U 2 (U 2 U1 ) (9)
Bernoulli
equation
p1 U12
p2 U 22
hl
g 2g g 2g
p1 p2 U12 U 22
hl
(10)
g
2g
Substituting (9) into (10), rearranging and using (7):
A1 U12
U12
hl 1
KL
A2 2 g
2g
(11)
KL = loss coefficient = (geometri)


Loss Coefficient for Sudden enlargement

Loss Coefficient for Diffuser type enlargement

Loss Coefficient for Sudden Contraction

Entrance
Flow pattern and pressure distribution at sharp-edged
entrance

Entrance
Loss coefficient at several type of entrance
KL = 0,8
KL = 0,5
KL = 0,2
KL = 0,04

Entrance
Loss coefficient as function of rounding of the inlet edge

Exit
Loss coefficient at all type of exit where the flow is
brought to rest, KL = 1

Bends
Flow pattern and pressure distribution through a bend

Bends
the streamlines are curved and a pressure gradient is
created transversely:
the pressure at the outer radius is more than the pressure at
the inner radius
the pressure at the inner radius decreases further with

the contraction of streamlines to constitute:
a vena contracta
separation of the flow at the inner wall
the expansion following the contraction is accompanied

by the formation of eddies and consequent head loss of
the same order as that at the entrance to a pipe
The head loss for flow through a bend may be reduced by
making a bend of larger radius which would eliminate the
phenomena of contraction and expansion

Bends
Loss coefficient through a bend

Bends
Loss coefficient through a bend

Valve

Valve
Loss coefficient through pipe components
Equivalent Length
Equivalent Length
It is customary to refer the losses of all
U2
the fittings and transitions in a pipe to
(12)
hl K L
2g
velocity head by the specifying constants
KL for these fittings etc
It is equally customary to refer the head loss due to fittings
etc. in terms of equivalent lengths Ie of the pipeline so that
U2
le U 2
hl K L
f
2g
d 2g
(13)
KL f
le
d
(14)
The advantage of doing so is that the equivalent lengths of

the fittings and transitions can be added to the physical
length I of the pipe to get the gross (total) length
ltotal l pipa le
(15)
Energy and Hydraulic Gradient

Line
Line
The energy-line diagram for a pipe system is a longitudinal
display of the total head at all sections of the pipe
The energy line represents the degradation of energy along
the flow due to friction, minor losses, etc. as well as any
additional input or output by means of pumps or turbines
The total head at a cross section consists of the pressure
head, the velocity head and the potential(elevation/datum)
head
Hydraulic gradient line is a display of the pressure and
potential (elevation/datum) heads, i.e., piezometric head at
sections of a pipe line
The hydraulic gradient line, therefore, lies below the energy
line by a magnitude equal to the local velocity head

Line
Line
If a segment of the pipe lies above the hydraulic gradient line,

there must be negative pressure or partial vacuum at all
sections in that segment
Such a segment is said to constitute a siphon
The absolute pressure at any point in a siphon should not
drop below a critical value below which separation may occur

Line
The energy and the hydraulic gradient line show an abrupt

Line
and coincident rise or drop at the location of a pump, fan,
turbine or some other rotodynamic machine
In the absence of these machines, the energy line will
continue to drop along the flow whereas the hydraulic
gradient line, may show an upward or downward trend

Line
It has been shown that the flow through pipe transitions is

Line
accompanied by a loss in energy
The total energy line drops for flow through a transition
The hydraulic gradient line may drop or rise depending upon
the change in velocity
Multiple Pipe System

Pipe in Series
If a pipeline is joined to one or more pipelines in continuation
directly or indirectly, these are said to constitute pipe in
series
hl,2
hl,1
hl,3
Q Q1 Q2 Q3
(16)
hltotal hl1 hl 2 hl 3 hlA B
(17)

Pipe in Paralel
If two or more pipes emanate from, and join to form, a single
pipe, these are said to be in parallels
hl,1
hl,2
hl,3
Q Q1 Q2 Q3
(18)
hl hl1 hl 2 hl 3 hlA B
(19)

Pipe Loop System
Q1 Q2 Q3
p A VA2
pB VB2
zA
z B hl1 hl 2
2g
2g
p A VA2
pB VB2
zA
z B hl1 hl 3
2g
2g
(18)
hl 2 hl 3
(19)

Branch Pipe System (A three-reservoir
system)
Q1 Q2 Q3
or
Q1 Q2 Q3
(20)
Reservoir A : out flow; reservoir C: inflow

The flow direction in reservoir B is not obvious, and the
solution process must include the determination of this
direction

Network Pipe System
The continuity equation requires that for each node the net
flowrate is zero
Net pressure difference completely around a loop (starting at
one location and returning to that location) must be zero
Noncircular Conduits
Hydraulic Diameter
4A
Dh
P
Head loss
l U2
hl f
Dh 2 g
Noncircular Conduits

Pipe Flow

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Universitas Indonesia

Fakultas Teknik Jurusan Teknik Mesin

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Round pipes are most frequently employed to carry fluids over

water for water distribution networks

Other use of pipe:

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that pipes convey fluids at

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Friction Loss in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Friction Loss in Pipe Flow

Frictional force due to

For laminar flow :

For turbulent flow:

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

4 103 Re 105 (5)

Friction Loss in Pipe Flow

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

the separation of flow at the periphery of the smaller pipe

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

expansion equals p1 because there cannot be an abrupt change of

Substituting (9) into (10), rearranging and using (7):

KL = loss coefficient = (geometri)

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

the pressure at the inner radius decreases further with

the expansion following the contraction is accompanied

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng

Minor Losses in Pipe Flow

Lab. Mekanika Fluida Teknik Mesin-FTUI

Dr.Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng