PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Fundamental of Physics
Pham Hong Quang

E-mail: quangph@pvu.edu.vn

Hanoi, August 2012

Chapter 6 Fluid Mechanics

6.1 Some Basic Concepts
6.2 Pressure
6.3 Variation of Pressure with Depth
6.4 Pressure Measurements
6.5 Pascals Principle
6.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess
Principle
6.7 Fluid Dynamics
6.8 Streamlines and the Equation of
Continuity
6.9 Bernoullis Equation
6.10 (Optional) Other Applications of
Equation
Pham HongBernoullis
Quang
Fundamental
Science Department

6.1 Some Basic Concepts

Density & Specific Gravity
The mass density of a substance is the mass of
the substance divided by the volume it
occupies:
m

unit: kg/m3
for aluminum 2700 kg/m3 or 2.70
g/cm3 mass can be written as m =
V and
weight as mg = Vg
Specific Gravity: substance /
water
Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

6.1 Some Basic Concepts

Density & Specific Gravity,
example:
A bottle
has a mass of 35.00 g when empty
and 98.44 g when filled with water. When
filled with another fluid, the mass is 88.78
g. What is the specific gravity of this other
fluid?
Take the ratio of the density of the fluid to that
of water, noting that the same volume is

m V fluid mfluid 88.78 g 35.00 g

SJ fluid used

both liquids.

0.8477
for
water m V water mwater 98.44 g 35.00 g
fluid

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

6.1 Some Basic Concepts

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

6.1 Some Basic Concepts

The three (common) states or
phases of matter
1. Solid: Has a definite volume & shape.
Maintains its shape & size (approximately),
even under large forces.
2. Liquid: Has a definite volume, but not a
definite shape. It takes the shape of its
container.
3. Gas: Has neither a definite volume nor a
definite shape. It expands to fill its container.

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

6.1 Some Basic Concepts

Fluids
Fluids: Have the ability to flow.
A fluid is a collection of molecules that
are randomly arranged & held together by
weak cohesive forces & by forces exerted
by the walls of a container.
Both liquids & gases are fluids

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

6.2 Pressure
Any fluid can exert a force perpendicular to its
surface on the walls of its container. The force
is described in terms of the pressure it exerts,

F
p
A

or force per unit area:

Units: N/m2 or Pa (1 Pascal*)

1 atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa or 15 lbs/in2 (One
atmosphere is the pressure exerted on us
every day by the earths atmosphere)
Pham Hong Quang

Note
thatScience
pressure
Fundamental
Department is a scalar

6.2 Pressure
Consider a solid object
submerged in a STATIC
fluid as in the figure.
The pressure P of the fluid
at the level to which the
object has been submerged
is the ratio of the force (due
F
to the fluid surrounding
it in
P
all directions) to A
the area
At a particular point, P has
the following properties:
1. It is same in all
directions.
2.Quang
It is to any
surface
ofDepartment
Pham Hong
Fundamental
Science

6.3 Variation of Pressure with Depth

Experimental Fact: Pressure
depends on depth.
See figure. If a static fluid is in a
container, all portions of the fluid
must be in static equilibrium.

All points at the same depth must

be at the same pressure
Otherwise, the fluid would not be
static.

Consider the darker region, which

is a sample of liquid with a
cylindrical shape
It has a cross-sectional area A
Extends from depth d to d + h below
the surface

The liquid has a density

Assume the density is the same

Pham Hong
Quang
Department
throughout
the Fundamental
fluid. ThisScience
means
it is

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6.3 Variation of Pressure with Depth

There are three external forces acting on the darker
region. These are:
The downward force on the top, P0A
Upward force on the bottom, PA
Gravity acting downward, Mg
The mass M can be found from the density:

M V Ah
The net force on the dark region must be zero:

Fy = PA P0A Mg = 0

Solving for the pressure gives

P = P0 + gh
So, the pressure P at a depth h below a point
in the liquid at which the pressure is P0 is
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Fundamental Science Department

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6.3 Variation of Pressure with Depth

Atmospheric Pressure
Earths atmosphere: A fluid.
But doesnt have a fixed top surface!
Change in height h above Earths surface:
Change in pressure: P = gh
Sea level: P0 1.013 105 N/m2
= 101.3 kPa 1 atm
Old units: 1 bar = 1.00 105 N/m2
Physics: Cause of pressure at any height:
Weight of air above that height!

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Fundamental Science Department

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6.3 Variation of Pressure with Depth

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6.4 Pressure Measurements

A possible means of measuring
the pressure in a fluid is to
submerge a measuring device
in the fluid.
A common device is shown in
the lower figure. It is an
evacuated cylinder with a piston
connected to an ideal spring. It
is first calibrated with a known
force.
After it is submerged, the force
due to the fluid presses on the
top of the piston & compresses
the spring.
The force the fluid
exerts on the
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6.4 Pressure Measurements

Manomet
er

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Bourdon
Tube

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6.4 Pressure Measurements

Diaphragm

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6.4 Pressure Measurements

Capsule

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6.5 Pascals Principle

If an external pressure is applied to a
confined fluid, the pressure at every point
within the fluid increases by that amount
Car lift in a service station.
A large output force can
be applied by means of a
small input force. Volume
of liquid pushed down on
left must equal volume
pushed up
A1on
x1 right.
A2 x2
Combining this
with

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P1 P2
F1 F2

A1 A2

Gives

Fundamental Science Department

F1x1 F2 x2

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6.5 Pascals Principle

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Fundamental Science Department

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6.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle

This is an object submerged in a fluid. There is a
net force on the object because the pressures at the
top and bottom of it are different.
The buoyant force is found to be
the upward force on the same
volume of water:

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Fundamental Science Department

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6.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle

The net force on the object is then the
difference between the buoyant force and the
gravitational force.

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Fundamental Science Department

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6.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle

If the objects density is less than that of water,
there will be an upward net force on it, and it will
rise until it is partially out of the water.

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Fundamental Science Department

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6.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle

For a floating object, the fraction that is submerged
is given by the ratio of the objects density to that of
the fluid.

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Fundamental Science Department

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6.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle

This principle also works in

the air; this is why hot-air
and helium balloons rise.

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Fundamental Science Department

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6.7 Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity

An ideal fluid is assumed
to be incompressible (so that its density does
not change),
to flow at a steady rate,
to be nonviscous (no friction between the
fluid and the container through which it is
flowing), and
flows irrotationally (no swirls or eddies).

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Fundamental Science Department

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6.7 Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity

If the flow of a fluid is smooth, it is called streamline
or laminar flow (a).
We will deal with laminar flow.
The mass flow rate is the mass that passes a given
point per unit time. The flow rates at any two points
must be equal, as long as no fluid is being added or
taken away.
This gives us the equation of continuity:

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Fundamental Science Department

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6.7 Streamlines and the Equation of Continuity

If the density doesnt change typical for liquids
this simplifies to

. Where the pipe is

wider, the flow is slower.

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Fundamental Science Department

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10-9 Bernoullis Equation

A fluid can also change its
height. By looking at the
work done as it moves, we
find:

This is Bernoullis equation.

One thing it tells us is that as
the speed goes up, the
pressure goes down.

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Fundamental Science Department

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10-9 Bernoullis Equation

Proof of Bernoullis Equation
Work has to be done to make the fluid flow
P1 A1 l1 P2 A2 l 2 ( P1 P2 )dV

Change in kinetic
energy
Change in potential
energy

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Fundamental Science Department

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10-9 Bernoullis Equation

A very large pipe

carries water with a
very slow velocity
and empties into a
small pipe with a
high velocity. If P2 is
7000 Pa lower than
P1, what is the
velocity of the
water in the small
3.74 m/s
pipe?

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Fundamental Science Department

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10-9 Bernoullis Equation

Venturi Flow
Meter

v1

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2pA
2
2
( A1 A2 )
2
2

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10-9 Bernoullis Equation

Net force on
wing?
A(v22 v12)
air = 1.29
kg/m3

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Fundamental Science Department

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10-9 Bernoullis Equation

Curve Ball

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Fundamental Science Department

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10-9 Bernoullis Equation

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Fundamental Science Department

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10-9 Bernoullis Equation

Atomizer
As air passes at top of tube,
the pressure decreases and fluid is drawn
up
the tube.

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Fundamental Science Department

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10-9 Bernoullis Equation

Water drains out of

the bottom of a
cooler at 3 m/s,
what is the depth
of the water above
the valve?
45.9 cm

Pham Hong Quang

Fundamental Science Department

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Thank you!

Nguyen Van A

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