SIEMENS - PTD

Power Transmission
and Distribution

1e

Seminario
Tecnolgico en
Sistemas
Elctricos
de Potencia

Siemens AG 2006

TMDS
TRANSFORMER MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM

Page 2

Abr-07

CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMERS

0,5-800 TONS
0,5-200 M3
Cu
Fe
Wood
Insulation Paper
Insulation Liquid

Page 3

Abr-07

ANSI/IEEE Std C57.91-1995, IEEE Guide for loading

Mineral-Oil Immersed Transformers Part 5 Life

Expectations.
IEEE Std C57.91TM-1995/Corrigendum 1
ANSI/IEEE C57.92 1981, Guide for loading mineral oilimmersed power transformers up to 100 MVA, With 55C
or 65C Average Winding Rise.

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Abr-07

Life Expectancy

Basis

Normal Insulation
Life
Hours

Years

65 000

7.42

25% retained tensile strength of insulation

135 000

15.41

200 retained degree of Polimerization in

insulation

150 000

17.12

180 000

20.55

50% Retained tensile strength of

insulation
(Former IEEE Std C57.92-1981 criterion)

Interpretation of Distribution Transformer

functional life test data
(Former IEEE C57.91-1981 criterion)

1- Tensile strength or degree of Polimerization (D.P.) Retention Values were

determined by sealed TUBE AGING ON Well-Dried Insulation Samples In Oxigen Free
Oil.
2- Refer to I.2. in annex I for discussion of the effect of higher values of water and
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180.000 hours/(24 hours/day) = 7500 days

Loss of Life per day Average Expected = 1/7500* 100% = 0.0133%

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Particles

Water

Free

Bubbles due to

Vapor

Major
Insulation

fibers

Turns/ Coils

Oil aging
products

metals

Bubble
evolution

Oversaturation
Cavitation

Increasing percent Saturation

Overheating

Decreasing the
dielectric strenght

Accelerating the
rate of aging

Aging Model CIGRE WG A2.18 Life Management Techniques for Power Transformers
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Abr-07

After 25 years the failure rate

increases exponentially

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H2 EMPIRICAL PLOTTED

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However.
Major Losses involving large Oil-Cooled
transformers continue to occur on a frequent
basis

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Abr-07

Analysis of transformers Failures

( over 5 years 1997-2001 Worlwide Transformer
fleet.)

William H Bartley P.E. (Hartford Steam Boiler, Inspection &

Insurance Co) Presentated at International Association of
Engineering Insurers 36th Annual Conference Stockholm, 2003.
Period of study

1997-2001

Sampling data obtained, (n)

94

Exchange rates; (USD)

1.0;

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Abr-07

Table 1- Number and Amounts of Losses by Year

Year

Total #
of
Losses

Total Loss

Total
Property
Damage

Total
Business
Interruption

1997 19

$ 40,779.507 $ 25,036,673 $ 15,742,834

1998 25

$ 24,932,235 $ 24,897,114 $

35,121

1999 15

$ 37,391,591 $ 36,994,202 $

397,389

2000 20

$
150,181,779

2001 15

$ 33,343,700 $ 19,453,016 $ 13,890,684

Total

$
286,628,811

94

$ 56,858,084 $ 93,323,695

$
163,239,089

$ 123,389,722

* Total Looses in 2000 includes one claim with a business

Interruption portion of over $86 million US

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Abr-07

Table 1A- Number and Amounts of Losses by MVA and Year

Year

Total #
of
Losses

Losses Total MVA

w/data Reported

Total PD
(w/ size
data)

Cost/MVA

1997 19

2567

$ 20,456,741 $ 7,969

1998 25

25

5685

$ 24,897,114 $ 4,379

1999 15

13

2433

$ 36,415,806 $ 14,967

2000 20

19

4386

$ 56,354,689 $ 12,849

2001 15

12

2128

$ 16,487,058 $ 7,748

Total

78

17.199 MVA $
154,611,408

94

* During this five year period the average cost is $USD 8,990 per MVA , or about $USD 9 per KVA
Page 13

Abr-07

Table 2 Losses By Application

Generator

Industrial

Utility

Step Up
1997

$ 29,201,329

Unknown

Substations
3

$ 2,239,393

11

5,243,075
1998

$ 15,800,148

Annual Totals

$ 3,995,229

4.095,710

3,031,433

$ 24,922,958

11

$123,417,78

$ 24,724,182

$
3,320,665

Abr-076

19,797,476

7,416,375

15

37,391,591

8
0
2,039,810
150,181,779
The largest number o claims (38) occurred in the Utility Substation Sector, But the highest paid category
2001
$
1
$
was Generator
Step Up transformers,
with a total of over $ $200 million. If the4extraordinary
Business32,082,501
Interruption loss is 1
ignored, the generator step up1,261,199
transformers is still significantly than other 33,343,700
cathegory.
(This is to$203,533,19
be expected due to3the very
large size of these
Total
$ 55,881,762
18 transformers)
$
38
$
2
$
s Page 14
9

25

24,939,235

6,116,535
2000

19

40,779,507

5,136,858
1999

286,628,811

20

15

94

Table-3 Cause of Failures

Cause of Failure

Number

Insulation Failure (pyrolisis, oxidation, acidity 18 years old is the

Total Paid

24

$ 149,967.277

Design /Material / Workmanship

22

64,696,051

Unknown

15

29,776,245

Oil Contamination

11,836,367

Overloading

8,568,768

Fire/Explosion (outside the transformer)

8,045,771

Line Surge (Switching, Spikes, short circuit strength)

4,959,691

Improper Maint/Operation

3,518,783

Flood

2,240,198

Loose Connection

2,186,725

Lightning

657,935

Moisture

157,000

94

average age of these transformers)

Page 15

Abr-07

Total

286,628,811

Figure 1 Frequency -Severity of Transformer Failures

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Table 4 Distribution of losses by age of Transformer.

Age of
failure

Numbe Cost of
r of
failures
failure
s

0 to 5 Years

$ 11,246,360

6 to 10.

$ 22,465,881

11 to 15

$ 3,179,291

16 to 20

10

$ 10,518,283

Over 25...

16

$ 16,441,930

35

$
207,734,306

Age
Unknown *

Average age at failure

was 18 years

* This line includes the one claim with a business interruption element of $86 million USD
Page 17

Abr-07

Figure 2 Base GVA ADDITIONS (U.S.A. COMM DPT)

U.S. Commerce Department data; The electric utility Industry

reached a peak in new installations in the U.S. around 1973-74,
In those two years, the U.S.A. added about 185 GVA,
of Power transformers.
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Abr-07

Risk model of future transformers failures

A risk model of future transformers failures, based on aging,

Developed by HSB, and published in 2000. the model is based
on mortality models that were first proposed in the 19th Century
Behaviour of Human mortality
By Benjamin Gompertz in 1825
For the instantaneous failure rate

f(t) =

[] = is a constant
[] = is a time constant
[t ] = time in years
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Abr-07

Risk model of future transformers failures

1860 W.M Makeham, Modified the Gompertz equation

adding a constant term in order to correct for including
mortality due to accidental death
f(t) = A +

A+

e
e

f(t) =---------------1+
[] = Modifier

to allow the curve more closely approximate the slower rate of increasing

mortality at older ages (1932) by

Page 20

Abr-07

W, PERKS, R.E. Berhards and Others

Figure 3 Transformer Failure Rate HSB 2000

Number of Failures = [Failure Rate] x [Population that is surviving]

The instantaneous failure rate for transformers in a given year is the proba
bility of failure per unit time for the population of transformers that has
survived up until time t
Page 21

Abr-07

Using population profile

From figure # 2 the predicted
failures can be Plotted
for all U.S. utility
Transformers,
built
Between 1964 & 1962
X axis year of predicted
Failures
Y-axis population of failures
(GVA)
! Prediction intended to show
And illustrate the magnitude of
The problem !
Page 22

Abr-07

ACTION PLAN SUGGESTED BY W,H Bartley

.
One conservative strategy suggests that the industry start a massive
capital replacement program that duplicates the construction profile
of the 60s and 70s But this would cause many transformers to be
replaced needlessly and cost the utility industry billions of US
dollars.
The ideal strategy is a life assesment or life cycle management
program, that sets loading priorities, and provides direction to
identify a) transformers defects that can be corrected; b )
transfomers that can be modified or refurbished; c) transformers that
should be re-located and d) transformers that should be retired. The
insurance industry should be aware that both IEEE, and CIGRE are
developing guidelines for aging transformers.

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Abr-07

REFERENCES
William H. Bartley, HSB, Analysis of Transformer Failures, Proceedings
of the sixty Seventh Annual International Doble Client Conference ,
Boston MA, 2000.
William H. Bartley, HSB, Failure History of Transformers Theoretical
Projections for Random Failures, Proceedings of the TJH2B TechCon
Mesa AZ, 2001.
Tim Higgins, Mathematical Models of Mortality, presented at the
Workshop on Mortality Modeling and Forecasting, Australian National
University, February 2003.
IEEE C57.140 Draft 9 March, 2003, IEEE Guide for the Evaluation and
Reconditioning of Liquid Immersed Power Transformers , Rowland
James & William Bartley Co-Chair
CIGRE 12-20 Guide on Economics of Transformer Management ( draft
23.7.02)
CIGRE A2-18 Life Management Techniques for Power Transformers
Page 24

Abr-07

Aging Factor Calculation (ANSI IEEE)

Transformer Insulation Life (Part 5 IEEE Std C57.91 -1995)
Experimental evidence indicates that the relation of insulation deterioration to time and
temperature follows and adaptation of Arrhenius reaction rate theory that has the following
form:

FAA EXP

15000 15000

383

273
H

Per unit life ( Calculated but not actual )

For WINDING HOTTEST SPOT Temperature of 110 C, FAA = 1

273 C 110 C 383 C

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Abr-07

Equivalent aging factor for the total time period

FEQA
F

AA

may be used to calculate equivalent aging of the transformer .

The equivalent life ( in hours or days ) at the reference temperature that will be consumed in a given
time period for the given temperature is the following

F t

t
N

FEQA

n 1 AAn
N
n 1

Is total number of time intervals .

FAAn
tn

Is aging aceleration factor for the temperature wich exists during the time
Is the time interval

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Abr-07

tn interval.

Example calculations of aging Factors

Pn=43 MVA

39,5
44
27,5
30 MVA
MVA
96C
120C
49C
55C
Faa=0,23
Faa=2,0
Faa=0,005
Faa=0,05

Siemens AG 2006

Day load profile calculations

Page 28

Abr-07

Simulacin
Ciclo de carga de un da

En un da tpico, la prdida
de vida respecto a la prdida
de vida nominal es de:

15.3%
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Abr-07

Transformer
Monitoring and
Diagnostics
System

Siemens AG 2006

Presentation Agenda
Product Origin
Introduction to TMDS
System Architecture
Technical Overview
Actionable Information
Value Proposition

Page 31

Abr-07

Product Lifecycle
Early

Siemens Introduces First Monitoring Product

Based on customer demand Siemens Brazil begins to investigate moving
away from the data logger monitoring system.

Mid 2003

Development of TMDS begins

Mid 2004

TMDS Introduced

Early
2005

TMDS 3000 Introduced

Adaptation of product based on requirements for application on legacy
transformers begins.

February
2007
Page 32

Launch of TMDS L
Abr-07

Experience List
Reference List for Transformer Monitoring and Diagnostic System
Rev. Feb/07

YEAR

CUSTOMER

QUANTITY

RATINGS
RATED
(MVA) VOLTAGE (kV)

TYPE

2007*

Furnas Viana

Brazil

75

345

TMDS 2000

2007*

CESP Jupi

Brazil

134

440

TMDS 2000

2007*

Entergy Amite

USA

400

230

TMDS 3000

2007*

ENAP

Chile

80

110

TMDS 2000

2007*

Enelven

Colombia

83

138

TMDS 3000

2007*

Enelven

Colombia

42

138

TMDS 3000

2007*

Enelco

Colombia

40

115

TMDS 3000

2007*

UHE Lajeado

Brazil

320

230

TMDS 2000

2007

Braskem

Brazil

50

69

TMDS 2000

2006

Entergy Sterlington

USA

616

525

TMDS 3000

2006

Entergy Indian Point

USA

629

345

TMDS 3000

2006

Entergy Dell

USA

672

525

TMDS 3000

2006

Furnas Rio Verde

Brazil

15

230

TMDS 2000

2006

UHE Tucuru

Brazil

12

405

550

TMDS 2000

2006

Furnas Serra da Mesa

Brazil

80

525

TMDS 2000

2006

Eletronuclear Angra dos Reis

Brazil

490

525

TMDS 2000

2005

Cemig Vespasiano

Brazil

300

525

TDMS 2000

2005

Furnas Vitria

Brazil

75

345

TMDS 2000

2005
2005

Itaip
Furnas So Jos

Brazil
Brazil

6
7

275
200

525
525

SITRAM
SITRAM

* On-going project

Page 33

COUNTRY

Abr-07

Product Definition

TMDS is an automated
engineering tool that collects
operational data and analyzes it
using industry accepted practices,
thus creating actionable
information that can be applied to
better manage the subject
transformer.
Page 34

Abr-07

Product Benefits
Actionable information generated by TMDS can be used
to:

Reduce the frequency and duration of unscheduled transformer

related outages thereby reducing O&M costs.
Provide forewarning of impending failure, thus leading to
corrective action avoid catastrophic failure and reduce asset and
collateral damage.
Better operation/utilization of transformer.
Facilitate a shift from a time, to condition based transformer
maintenance policy.
More accurately evaluate deferment of unit replacement.
Justifiably seek a reduction in the premium paid for business
interruption insurance.
Page 35

Abr-07

System Configurations

Page 36

Abr-07

Base System
The base system is a Consolidated Monitoring Package (CMP)
that includes the GAS-Guard sensors, online monitoring of sensor
output, access to Siemens transformer engineers for assistance
with analysis, system troubleshooting and maintenance.

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Abr-07

The GAS-Guard sensors are self contained

fully automated closed loop gas
chromatographs. The GAS-Guard sensors
offer transformer owners advanced field
based dissolved gas analysis (DGA)
capability.

Advanced System
Standard Data Analysis Models
Statistical Significance Analysis Module
Limit Adaption (Learning System)
Oil Level Model
Cooling System Effectiveness Model
Thermal Model 2
Advanced Winding Hot Spot Thermal Model
Load Factor Model
DGA Model (3 Gas)
Oil Moisture Content Model
Ambient Air Temperature:
RTD PT100
Tank Oil Level:
Analogue Output

Skin Temperature (1):

RTD PT100

Top Oil Temperature:

RTD PT100

Fan Motor Current

(Bank B): Transducer

Fan Motor Current

(Bank A): Transducer
Oil Pump Motor Current
(Bank A): Transducer

Oil Pump Motor Current

(Bank B): Transducer
Current Load (Single Phase):
Transducer

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Abr-07

Gas in Oil Monitoring:

GAS-Guard 3

Bottom Oil Temperature:

RTD PT100
Moisture in Oil: Invasive

Premium System
Standard Data Analysis Models

Ambient Air Temperature:

RTD PT100
Skin Temperature (1):
RTD PT100
Fan Motor Current
(Bank B): Transducer

Statistical Significance Analysis Module

Limit Adaption (Learning System)
Oil Level Model
Cooling System Effectiveness Model
Thermal Model 2
Advanced Winding Hot Spot Thermal Model
Load Factor Model
Thermal Limit Prediction Model
Bushing Monitor:
Load-ability Recommendation Model
Doble, HSP
Oil Vapour Pressure Model
Relative Aging Factor
Tank Oil Level:
DGA Model (8 Gas)
Analogue Output
Oil Moisture Content Model
Top Oil Temperature: Load Shedding Recommendation Model
RTD PT100
Bushing Monitoring Model
Fan Motor Current
(Bank A): Transducer
Oil Pump Motor Current
(Bank A): Transducer

Oil Pump Motor Current

(Bank B): Transducer

Bottom Oil Temperature:

RTD PT100
Gas in Oil Monitoring:
GAS-Guard 8 , Kelman
Moisture in Oil: Invasive
Current Load (Single & Three Phase):
Skin Temperature (2):
Transducer
RTD PT100

Page 39

Abr-07

bushings

oil level

top oil

amb temp

bottom oil
gas

moisture
oil/water flow

Page 40

Abr-07

air flow

LTC

Data Storage Strategy

Temp

Efficient Data Handling for Base Data

Captures 3 Values Vs 24

V2
V3
V1

T
Only significant Data is Captured

Page 41

Abr-07

Statistical Definition: Used to

Trigger Model Calculations
Statistical Definition changes are
monitored for potential
statistical breakouts by
analyzing shifts of means and
spread of standard deviations

Statistical Definition
is created
During defined
learning period
- Mean, Std Dev of
Population with 95%
confidence interval

-1, -2

+1, +2

-1, -2

+1, +2

This system learns! Based on

operating data to avoid
nuisance trips, alarms and
can detect statistically
significant breakouts before
hard limits are reached
Page 42

Abr-07

Absolute & Rate of Change Metrics:

Used to Trigger Model Calculations

Page 43

These parameters can be established using:

1. Industry accepted guidelines such as IEEE/ ANSI
standards
2. Calculations made based on off-line condition
assessment or unit history such as past DGA or
Doble
test results.
Abr-07

Standard Architecture

Page 44

Abr-07

E-Mail Messaging

jdoe@customer.com

TMDS Message <Xfrmer xyz> <Substation S>

Siemens Transformer Monitoring and Diagnostics System

(TMDS) at S Substation has detected an event which demands
action. Please check the web address:
www.siemens-tmdsl-subs.com

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Abr-07

Diagnostics

Page 46

Abr-07

Diagnostics
Duval Triangle (IEC 60599-1999
Annex B.3)

Page 47

Abr-07

Data Flow Chart

Page 48

Abr-07

Monitoring Condition
Operation Information
Treeing

Page 49

Abr-07

Monitoring Condition
Operation Information
Treeing

Page 50

Abr-07

Thank you!

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Abr-07