WELDABILITY OF STAINLESS

STEEL

ENROLLMENT NO.:- 150490728006

Prepared By : Misal Gandhi
Branch : M.E. (Production)

Subject : Advanced Welding Technology

CONTENTS
Introduction
Types of Stainless steel
Weldability of Austenitic Stainless steel
Factor affecting Weldability
Welding Procedure
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

What is Weldability ?
It

is defined as the capacity of a material or a

combination of materials to be welded under
fabrication conditions into a specific, suitability
designed structure and to perform satisfactorily in
the intended service

Metallurgical Capacity
Parent metal will join with the weld metal
without formation of deleterious constituents
or alloys
Mechanical Soundness
Joint will be free from discontinuities, gas
porosity, shrinkage, slag, or cracks
Serviceability
Weld is able to perform under varying
conditions of service (e.g., extreme
temperatures, corrosive environments, fatigue,
high pressures, etc.)

STAINLESS STEEL

Stainless steels are those alloy steels that have a

Cr content of at least 11%.
These steels do not rust and strongly resist
attack by a great many liquids, gases and
chemicals.
Many of stainless steels exhibit
Good

strength properties
Resistance to scaling at elevated temperatures
Corrosion resistance

Stainless steels are commonly divided into the

following four groups:
Austenitic stainless steel
b) Ferritic stainless steel
c) Martensitic stainless steel
d) Precipitation hardening steels
a)

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS

It contain a combined total Cr, Ni and Mn
content of 24% or more with Cr content generally
above 16%.
Cr provides oxidation resistance and resistance
to corrosion while Ni and Mn stabilise the
austenite phase when it cool to room
temperature.
Austenitic stainless steels are usually the most
corrosion resistant of all the stainless steels and
thus find wide use in chemical plants.

The micro structure of the austenitic stainless

steels is either all austenite or ferrite in
austenite matrix.
These steels are grouped in to AISI 200 and AISI
300 series.
The basic grade 302 which contains 18% Cr and
8% Ni.

WELDABILITY OF AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

Austenitic stainless steels are readily joined by

arc, resistance, friction, electron beam and laser
beam welding processes.
SMAW,GMAW,GTAW processes are commonly
used.
A proper Electrodes, Filler metal, Welding
Position and Weld metal and Heat input is
required to make quality weld.

ELECTRODES AND FILLER METAL

Filler metal should be available for almost every

type of austenitic stainless steel available.
The most popular electrodes, E308-16, E308L-16,
E309-16, E310-16, E316-16, E316L-16
Most electrodes are available with a lime coating
(-15) (for use with DC only), a titania coating (16) (for use with AC or DC) or a sillca-titania
coating (-17) (for use with AC or DC mainly in the
downhand or horizontal positions) and in the
standard or low carbon variety.

Most alloys which are available as coated

electrodes are also available as either solid wire,
metal cored wire or flux cored wire.
There are several austenitic stainless types for
which no exact matching fillers are made.
For example, 308 is used for 301, 302, 304 and
305The filler materials recommended for these
base alloys are somewhat higher in Cr and Ni
content.

HEAT INPUT

Amps = 200 Volts = 32

Travel speed = 240 mm/min
Heat input = 200 X 32 X 60
240 X 1000
Heat input = 1.6 kJ/mm

Heat input =
Amps x volts
Travel speed mm/sec X 1000

HEAT INPUT

High heat input

slow

cooling
Low toughness
Reduction in yield strength

Low heat input

fast

cooling
Increased hardness
Hydrogen entrapment
Lack of fusion

WELDING PROCEDURES

The austenitic stainless steels have about 45%

higher thermal coefficient of expansion, Higher
electrical resistance, and lower thermal
conductivity.
High welding speed recommended which will
reduce heat input, reduce carbide precipitation
and minimize distortion.
Low welding current.

SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING

Lime-coated electrodes operate on DC only. They

are recommended for:
Vertical

and overhead welding and all position

Root passes on heavy plate. The full throat
section of the slightly convex beads help
prevent cracking.
Fully austenitic stainless steels such as types
330,320.

Titania-coated electrodes
operate on AC or DC, but always use DC when
available.
They are recommended for:

All

applications when most of the welding is in

the flat position.
Vertical up and overhead welding when
limecoated electrodes are not available.

Silica-titania coated electrodes operate also on

AC or DC, but DC is usually preferred.
They are recommended for:
Flat and horizontal position welding when
minimum cleanup is desired.
Vertical up welding when a wide weave can be
used.
Overhead welding.

SUBMERGED ARC WELDING

Submerged arc welding is usually best avoided
due to hot cracking problems.
Welding is generally done using direct current,
electrode positive. Alternating current is
sometimes used for moderate penetration and
good arc stability.
Conventional austenitic stainless steel electrodes
such as ER308, ER309 and ER316 can be used
with conventional stainless steel fluxes for
welding most of the austenitic stainless steel.

GMAW PROCEDURES

GTAW PROCEDURES

LITERATURE REVIEW

Sr Title

Name of

Publicati

on

Author

Objective

Outcome/ Conclusion

o.
1

Resistance
Welding

A.B.Verma,
of AIMTDR

Austenitic
Stainless
Steels

(AISI

304

with

AISI 316) .
2

Research

on IJSER

Resistance
Spot Welding
of

Stainless

Steel

Overview

An

A spot welding
S.U.Ghunage process needs the
, B.B.Ahuja3 optimum process
condition that
can afford
allowance in
parametric values
for good quality of
welding.
A.
finite element
Subrammani analysis,
an,
D.B. dissimilar metal
welding, failure
Jabaraj
mode analysis,
parametric
optimization and
characterization

The influence of the

welding parameters on
the weld metal size has
been evaluated.

In general the hardness of

the spot welded zone is
greater than the hardness
of the unwelded zone
Increasing
welding
current
increases
the
nugget size in spot weld,
however
increasing

Sr Title

Name of

Publicati

on

Author

Objective

Outcome/ Conclusion

o.
3

Weldability IJSETR
of Steels and
its

Alloys

under
Different
Conditions -A
Review

Saadat
Rizvi,

Ali Mechanical

Properties like
S.P Tewari, tensile
Wajahat Ali strength, yield
strength etc of
various steel
can be enhance
by the welding
process and
different
welding
techniques are
used in this
study to
evaluate the

The
current
study
indicates that the hot
and
cold
crack
influence
the
weldability of steels
and its alloys too much.

CONCLUSION

The Weldability of the Austenitic Stainless steel

will increases with proper selection of Electrodes,
Filler metal, Welding Position and Weld metal
and Heat input, Arc speed, Current as per the
Different welding procedures.

REFERENCES
Handbook on Stainless Steel welding by Govt.of
India
Weldability of Steels by World centre for
Materials Joining Technology.
Welding Engineering and Technology by Dr. R. S.
Parmar

THANK YOU