TRANSFUSION

TRANSMITTED
DISEASES

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

It is the etiologic agent of the Acquired

Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
It was formerly called as:
Human T-cell Lymphotrophic VirusType III (HTLV-III)
Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus
(LAV)
AIDS associated virus (ARV)

HIV-1 and HIV-2 are well recognized as

the etiologic agent of AIDS
HIV-1 was classified into three groups:
Group M (the main or minor group)
Group N (the non-M/ non-O, or new group)
Group O (the outlier group)
3 MAJOR ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION:
Through intimate sexual contact
Contact with blood or other body fluids
Perinatally, from infected mother to infant

SCREENING TEST FOR HIV:

Enzyme Immunoassay
Chemiluminescence
Nucleic Acid Amplification
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR HIV:
Western Blot
Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
REFERENCE LABORATORY:
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM)

SYPHYLIS
Treponema pallidum was the causative agent
of syphilis, is a spirochete.
The spirochete that causes syphilis cannot survive
more than 72 hours in citrated blood stored at 1-6
C.
Mode of transmission:
Spread through sexual contact
Through blood transfusion

SCREENING TES FOR SYPHYLIS:

Rapid Plasma Regain
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR SYPHYLIS:

Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption

Test
REFERENCE LABORATORY:
Research Institute for Tropical Medicine

HEPATITIS B
It is an infection caused by Hepatitis B Virus.
It can lead to acute liver failure, chronic liver disease,
cirrhosis, liver cancer, or an asymptomatic carrier state.
The incubation period for an acute HBV infection is
usually 1 to 3 months.
Hepatitis B Antigen (HBsAg) is the most reliable
marker for identifying HBV infection.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION:

Transmitted through the parental route by

intimate contact with HBV contaminated
blood by other body fluids.

Sexual contact

Blood transfusion

Sharing needles and syringes by intravenous

drug users

MODE OF TRANSMISSION:

Tattooing

Occupational needle-stick injury.

Inapparent transmission of HBV may occur

through close personal contact of broken
skin or mucous membranes with the virus.

It may also occur via the perinatal route,

from infected mother to infant, most likely
during delivery.

TEST:
Immunoassay- Detection of HBsAg
HBsAg neutralization test or molecular testDetects HBV DNA
HBV DNA Test:
Real-time PCRMost sensitive. Detect as few as 10 copies of HBV per mL
REFERENCE LABORATORY:
Research Institute of Tropical Medicine (RITM)

HEPATITIS C
Hepatitis C (HCV) is a member of the Flaviviridae virus
family and is caused by a virus with an RNA genome.
The incubation period of HCV is
2 to 26 weeks. The average incubation period is 7-8
weeks, followed by seroconversion occurring 8-9 weeks.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Percutaneously through needle stick
Hemodialysis
Human bite
Transplant or transfusion
Acupuncture, tattooing, or body piercing
Sexual intercourse
Contact with infected toothbrush or razor, or
perinatally

Anti-HCV testing via EIA or ChLIA

methodology is performed on all donor units.
Currently licensed confirmatory test such as
recombinant blot immunoassay (RIRA) or
HCV RNA are performed on all positive cells.
Recombinant immunoblot assays (RIBA),
licensed by the FDA, can be used to confirm antiHCV test.

MALARIA
It is life-threatening disease caused by parasites
that are transmitted to people through the bites of
infected Anopheles mosquito.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum

Gold standard test:

Microscopy
Alternative test:
Rapid Diagnostic Test
Reference Lab:
San Lazaro Hospital
RITM(Blood Bag)