Memory
Memory as retention of information or experience over time.
It occurs through three important processes of memory:
Encoding
Getting information
into memory
Retrieval
Taking
information
out of storage
Storing
Retaining
information
over time
Memory
Encoding
When you are listening to a lecture, reading a book or talking to with a
friend. Some info gets into memory virtually automatically, whereas
encoding other info require effort (e.g., attention, deep processing,
Elaboration and the use of mental imagery.
Divided attention concentrating on more than one activity at the same
Time.
Sensory Memory
Two kinds of SM
Echoic memory - the brief memory of something a person has
just heard. Duration 2 -4 seconds.
Short-Term Memory
Maintenance rehearsal - practice of saying some
information to be remembered over and over in ones
head in order to maintain it in short-term memory (STMs
tend to be encoded in auditory form).
Duration of STM - lasts from about 12 to 30 seconds
without rehearsal.
Note: George miller (1956) examined the limited capacity of short term
memory in classic paper The magical number seven, plus minus two.
How can we improve STM?
1. Chunking - grouping items into a unit
Minimum number 5, max 9..if more than 9 numbers use chunking
BP 13110114 8 numbers
BP1613110114 - 10 numbers 16 13 11 01 14 - 5 groups
BP190160110114 306 15 numbers 190 160 110 114 306 5 groups
coordinates material
Long-Term Memory
The system of memory into which all the information is placed
to be kept more or less permanently.
Elaborative rehearsal - a method of transferring information
from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in
some way.
Formation of LTMs
Engram - the physical change that takes place in the brain
when a memory is formed.
Consolidation - the changes that take place in the structure
and functioning of neurons when an engram is formed.
Hippocampus area of brain responsible for the formation of
LTMs.
Memory with
conscious recall
Personal
experiences
First day at
UMS
General
knowledge
12 months in
a year
Memory without
conscious recall
4. Serial Call
Giving the subjects a list of stimulus to remember and then
requiring them to recall the stimuli in the exact order they were
presented.
36
33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
5. Paired-associates recall
Task involve presenting the subject with a list of paired associates,
or word pairs and then cueing their recall with one of the words
from the pair.
Exp: Wilhelm Wundt- experimental
William James-Functionalism
Watson-Behaviorism
Titchener- Structuralism
middle
(recency effect)
(least recall)
(greatest recall)
2. Spacing of practice
a. Distributed learning (Pembelajaran menyebar)
A learning technique in which practice sessions are interspersed.
b. Massed learning (Pembelajaran berkelompok)
Crammed together all at once.
3. Rehearsal also affect the effectiveness of your memory.
Maintenance Rehearsal the process of repeating the contents
of short term memory over and over to maintain it in STM
4. Chunking The process of grouping information into unit to
Store more information in STM.
1. Chunking (pengetulan)
Cth :
NOITACING (9 ITEM)
NOITACINGYLOCHOPSYC
PSYCHOLOGY
IN
ACTION
10010001000010101011000
100
1000 10000101
010
11000
Retrieval Failure
Theory
(Teori Kegagalan
Mendapatkan
Kembali)
Forgetting: Interference
First learn
Then learn
Proactive interference
PT10103 (Developmental Psychology is forgotten)
PT10403
Retroactive interference
(Psychology is forgotten)
1. Proactive interference
Forgetting in which old info interferes with new info (example; PT10103 interferes
with remembering PT10403).
PT10103 (old) ------ PT10403 (new)--- mid exam PT10403 (forgotten because of
PT10103).
2. Retroactive interference
Forgetting in which new info interferes with old info (example; PT10403 interferes
with remembering PT10103).
PT10403 (old)-----
Memory impairments
Susan:
Retrograde
amnesia
Claire :
Possible cause; brain surgery, or she may be suffering
Anterograde from chronic alcoholism
Amnesia
Impairment: Claires ability to form new memories
has been damaged. Since her surgery or the onset of
amnesia, she has not been able to learn anything new.
Inability to form new long-term memories (senile
dementia).
Duration : usually permanent
Memory impairments
Alzheimers
Amnesia
Mnemonic device
A memory improvement technique based on encoding items in a
Special way.
Method of Loci
Imagine each item to be remembered
attached to places inside a building or in
(physical places)
some logical sequential placement.
Peg-word
(holding thing
together, hanging
things on &
marking a position.
Word association
Hippocampal
formation
Thalamus
Conclusion
The brain needs exercise to stay fit just as muscles
do. Research
has shown that people who regularly work
crossword puzzles,
take classes, read and stay mentally active are less
likely
to develop senile dementia than those who fail to
use their
minds.