FLOW SENSORS
Flow
Engineering units of
volumetric flowrate: ft3/s, m3/hr, gpm
Mass flowrate: kg/hr, lb/min
Velocity: m/s, ft/s
Flow sensor
Orifice meter
Where
f
= volumetric flow rate
po =pressure drop cross orifice
Ao =area of orifice
=orifice coefficient
Co
= fluid density
= dimensionless ratio of the diameter of the
orifice, d to the
diameter of the pipe, D
- line taps
- vena contracta taps
Magnetic flow
Turbine meter
Coriolis effect
TEMPERATURE SENSORS
Temperature sensor
one of the most frequent measured
variable in the process industries.
very few physical phenomena are not
affected by temperature
temperature is also often used to
infer other process variables.
Engineering units: oC, oF, K, R
Resistance-sensitive devices
Resistance thermometers
Thermistor elements
Thermocouples
Bimetallic strip
thermometer
-the working principle based on facts
that:
the metal expand with temperature
the expansion coefficient are not the same
for all metals
common combination
Nickel-iron which has low coefficient and another
nikel-iron alloy with high coefficient
Usually the expansion with temperature is low.
The reason why the bimetallic in the form of spiral
The spiral is attached to a dial that indicates
temperature
Resistance Temperature
Devices (RTD)
working principle : the electrical resistance
of pure metals increases with increase in
temperature.
T
R
The RTDs are characterized by a linear
change in resistance with respect to
temperature.
A wheatstone bridge is usually to measure
the resistance.
RTD: metal i.e Pt, Ni, Copper
Thermistor elements
Detect very sensitive temperature changes.
Made of sintered combination of
Ceramic material
Semiconducting metallic oxide e.g nickel, copper,
iron
Thermocouple
Discovered by T.J. Seedback
Seedback states that an electric current
flows in a circuit of two dissimilar metals
if the two junctions are at different
temperatures.
Principle of measurement: measure
thermocouple voltages, mV to get
temperature
V (Tp-Tr)
is seedback coefficient in V/oC or mV/oC