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BROADBAND ANTENNAS

AND
TRAVELING WAVE
ANTENNAS
Veli YILDIRIM
Mithat Sacit ATAR
Cukurova University/ADANA/TURKEY
Electrical-Electronics Engineering
CONTENT:
-Helical Antenna
-Normal mode
-axial (end-fire) Mode
-Design Procedure
-feed design
-Yagi-uda antenna
-History
-effects of elements
-optimization
-input impedance and matching techniques -Traveling
wave antennas
-Calculation of radiation resistance
-Pattern function of traveling wave segments
-Vee traveling wave antenna
-Rhombic antenna
Helical Antenna

Basic, simple and practical configuration


of an electromagnetic radiator is that of an
conducting wire wound in the form of a screw
thread forming a helix. In most cases the helix
is used with a ground plane.
Helical Antenna
Normal Mode:

In the normal mode of operation the field


radiated by the antenna is maximum in a plane
normal to the helix axis and minimum along its axis.
To achive the normal mode of operation, the
dimensions of the helix are usually small compared
to the wavelength (i.e. NL₀<<λ).
Helical Antenna
Normal Mode:
Near Field-Electric field component for short dipole: Near Field-Electric field component for small loop:

Far Field-Electric field component for short dipole: Far Field-Electric field component for small loop:

Eθ and Eφ indicates that the two components are in time-phase quadrature, a


necessary but not sufficient condition for circular or elliptical polarization.
Helical Antenna
Normal Mode:
• The ratio of the magnitudes of the Eθ and Eφ components is defined here as the axial ratio (AR)

AR = 0, Eθ=0 AR=∞, EΦ=0

when AR is unity (AR = 1);


Helical Antenna
End-Fire Mode (axial):

A more practical mode of operation, which can be


generated with great ease, is the axial or end-fire mode. In
this mod of operation, there is only one major lobe and its
maximum radiation intensity is along the the axis of the
helix.
Helical Antenna
Design Procedure:
“ Empirical expressions ”

The input impedance (purely resistive)

which is accurate to about ±20% The directivity by

The half power beamwidth by


The half-power beamwidth by

The axial ratio (for the condition of increased directivity) by

The beamwidth between nulls by

(All these relations are approximately valid provided 12◦ < α < 14◦, 3/4 < C/λ 0 < 4/3 and N >3.)
Helical Antenna
Design Procedure:
“ Empirical expressions ”

Ordinary End-Fire Hansen-Woodyard end-fire

(All these relations are approximately valid provided 12◦ < α < 14◦, 3/4 < C/λ 0 < 4/3 and N >3.)
Helical Antenna
Design Procedure:

For ordinary end-fire the relative phase ψ among the various turns
of the helix.

Wave velocity along the helix wire between turns;


v = ρv0 (ρ < 1 where v0 is the wave velocity in free space).

θ
Helical Antenna
Design Procedure:

In a similar manner, it can be shown that for Hansen-Woodyard end-fire radiation.

which when solved for ρ leads to


Helical Antenna
Feed Design

At the beginning of the formation of


the helix, in the form of a strip of width w by
flattening it and nearly touching the ground
plane which is covered with a dielectric slab
of height:

Where;
ω = width of strip conductor of the helix starting at the feed
εr = dielectric constant of the dielectric slab covering the
ground plane
Z0 = characteristic impedance of the input transmission line
725MHz 925MHz 1067MHz

Measured field patterns of


monofilar axial-mode helical antenna
of 6 turns and 14◦ pitch angle.
Patterns are characteristic of axial- 725MHz 925MHz 1067MHz
mode of radiation over a range of
circumferences from about 0.73λ to
1.22λ

725MHz 925MHz 1030MHz

779MHz 925MHz 1000MHz


Typical radiation patterns of a 5- to
35-turn helix antenna; α =12.8◦ and D
=107.4 mm.
Simulation Results
Directivity of Antenna Reflection Coefficient (S11)

Helical Antenna example:


Current Distribution (3.5 GHz)

3D Far Field Pattern (7.2 GHz)


Yagi-Uda

Dr. Yagi and his Yagi antenna


(Photo: Hitachi Kokusai Electric, Inc. Yagi Antenna Division))

• Invented by Shintaro Uda and described in english by Hidetsugu Yagi


in 1926
• Relatively unknown until World War 2
• Now used for amateur radio, TV, satellite communications…
Yagi-Uda Array of Linear Elements

Another very practical radiator in the HF (3–30 MHz), VHF (30–300 MHz), and UHF
(300–3,000 MHz) ranges is the Yagi-Uda antenna.
Yagi-Uda
Effects of Elements

Only Driver Element

Elevation Azimuth

Driver and
Reflector Elements

Driver, Reflector
and Director
Elements
Yagi-Uda
Optimization

The lengths of the elements are


constant and vary spacings between them.

Directivity Optimization for Six-Element Yagi-Uda Array


Perturbation of Directors Spacings

Perturbation of All Element


Spacings
Yagi-Uda
Optimization

The spacings between all the elements constant and vary the lengths of the
elements.

Directivity Optimization for Six-Element Yagi-Uda Array


Perturbation of All Element Lengths
Yagi-Uda
Input Impedance and Matching Techniques

The input impedance of a Yagi-Uda array, measured at the center of the


driven element, is usually small and it is strongly influenced by the spacing
between the reflector and feed element.

Input Impedance of a 15-Element Yagi-Uda Array (Reflector Length = 0.5λ;


Director Spacing = 0.34λ; Director Length = 0.406λ)
Yagi-Uda
Input Impedance and Matching Techniques

Maximum energy of rf transfer at the design frequency occurs when the impedance
of the feed point is equal to the impedance of the feedline.

Impedance matching devices are highly recommended for getting the best antenna
performance.
Folded dipole as the driven element which
Yagi-Uda with Folded
acts as a step-up impedance transformer.
Dipole

Gamma Match
Yagi-Uda
Design Procedure
Yagi

• The animation above shows a Yagi antenna driven by a sinusoidal signal at


454MHz. The animation shows the magnetic field perpendicular to the
plot using a dB scale.
TRAVELING WAVE ANTENNA

The current on these antennas can be written as a sum of waves


traveling in opposite directions. Forexample, the current on a dipole of
length l is given by
The current on the upper arm of the dipole can be written as
CALCULATION OF RADIATION RESISTANCE

T this antennas commonly called beverage antennas.


CALCULATION OF RADIATION RESISTANCE

T this antennas commonly called beverage antennas.


If the losses for the antenna are negligible then the current can be written as

And the far field vector potential is


If we assume that the phase constant of the traveling wave antenna is the same as an
unbounded medium (B = k), then
Given the far field of the traveling wave segment, we may determine the
time- average radiated power density according to the definition of the
Poynting vector such that
The normalized pattern function of the traveling wave segment is shown
below for segment lengths of 5, 10, 15 and 20.
Vee Traveling Wave Antenna

A vee traveling wave antenna is formed by connecting two matched traveling wave segments to the
end of a transmission line feed at an angle of 2o relative to each other.
Rhombic Antenna
A rhombic antenna is formed by connecting two vee traveling wave
antennas at their open ends.
References:
-ANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN (Constantine A. Balanis)3th Edition
-ANTENNAS FOR ALL APPLICATIONS (John D. Kraus)3th Edition
-MODERN ANTENNA BOOK(Constantine A. Balanis)
-http://www3.dogus.edu.tr/lsevgi/ (Prof. Dr. Levent Sevgi)
-http://antenna-theory.com
-http://yagi-uda.com/

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