Lecture 5 Outline (Ch.

36)
I.

Overview
A. Monocots vs. Dicots

II.

Plant tissues
A. Dermal
B. Vascular
C. Ground

III. Plant organs

A. Roots
B. Stems
C. Leaves

IV. Plant Growth

A. Meristems
B. Primary vs. secondary
i. Leaves
ii. Stems
iii. Roots

Plant Classification Monocots vs. Dicots

Basic categories of plants based on structure and function

Plant bodies
Plants, like multicellular
animals, have organs
composed of different
tissues, which in turn
are composed of cells

Shoot
system

Leaf

Three Basic Plant Organs:

Roots, Stems, and Leaves

Stem

Root
system

Plant Tissues
Each plant organ has
dermal, vascular, and
ground tissues
Each of these three
categories forms a
tissue system

Dermal
tissue
Ground
tissue Vascular
tissue

Plant Tissues

1) Dermal Tissue System

Outer covering
Protection
2) Vascular Tissue System
Vessels throughout plant
Transport materials
3) Ground Tissue System
Body of plant
Photosynthesis; storage; support

Plant Tissues - Dermis

Dermal Tissue System (Outer Covering of Plant):
1) Epidermal Tissue (epidermis):
Forms outermost layer
Cuticle: Waxy covering
Reduces evaporation
Inhibits microorganism invasion
Root Hairs: extended root surface
Increase absorption
2) Peridermal Tissue (periderm):
Only in woody plants (bark = dead cells)
Protection; support

Plant Tissues - Dermis

Special Dermal Cells Guard Cells
Stomata
Guard cells
Epidermal cell

a.

4 m

Stoma

Epidermal cell
Guard cells

b.

71 m

c.

200 m

Paired sausage-shaped cells

Flank a stoma epidermal
opening
Passageway for oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and
water vapor

Plant Tissues - Dermis

Special Dermal Cells Trichomes & Root hairs

Trichomes
Hairlike outgrowths of
epidermis
Keep leaf surfaces cool
and reduce evaporation

Roots hairs
Tube extensions from
epidermal cells
Greatly increase the roots
surface area for absorption

Plant Tissues - Vascular

1) Xylem (dead at maturity):
A)
B)

Tracheids: Narrow, tube-like cells

Vessel Elements: Wide, tube-like cells

Plant Tissues - Vascular

Vascular Transport System
1) Xylem (dead at maturity):
- Moves water & minerals from roots to shoots

Plant Tissues - Vascular

2) Phloem (living at maturity)

A) Sieve Tubes: Wide, tube-like cells

B) Companion Cells: support and regulate
sieve tubes

Plant Tissues - Vascular

Vascular Transport System
2) Phloem (living at maturity)
- Moves water, sugar, amino acids & hormones

Vasculature - Comparisons
Monocots and dicots differ in the arrangement of
vessels in the roots and stems
Dicots

Monocots

Stem

Root

Plant Tissues Ground Tissue

Some major types of plant cells:
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Tissues that are neither dermal nor
vascular are ground tissue
Ground tissue internal to the vascular
tissue is pith; ground tissue external to
the vascular tissue is cortex
Ground tissue includes cells specialized
for storage, photosynthesis, and support

Plant Tissues - Ground

Ground Tissue System (Body of Plant):
1) Parenchyma (most abundant):
Thin-walled cells;
living
plant metabolism:
Photosynthesis;
hormone secretion;
sugar storage
Parenchyma cells in
Elodea leaf,(w/chloroplasts)

Plant Tissues - Ground

Ground Tissue System (Body of Plant):
2) Collenchyma:
Collenchyma
Thick-walled (uneven);
living
Offers support
(flexible & strong)
Collenchyma cells sunflower

Plant Tissues - Ground

Ground Tissue System (Body of Plant):

Sclereid cells in pear (LM)

3) Sclerenchyma:
Sclerenchyma
Thick, hard-walled; Dead
Offer support
(e.g. hemp fibers;
nut shells)

Cell wall

Fiber cells in ash tree

Roots - Overview
Roots need sugars from photosynthesis;
Shoots rely on water and
minerals absorbed by the
root system

Root Roles:
- Anchoring the plant
- Absorbing minerals and water
- Storing organic nutrients

Roots - Comparisons
Taproots:

Typical of dicots,
primary root forms
and small branch
roots grow from it

Fibrous roots:

In monocots mostly,
primary root dies,
replaced by new
roots from stem

Roots Structure and Development

Four regions:
Root cap
Protection, gravity detection

Zone of cell division

Mitotic divisions

Zone of elongation
Cells lengthen, no division

Zone of maturation
Cells differentiate, outer layer
becomes dermis

Roots Structure and Development

In maturation zone, Casparian strip forms
waterproof barrier material surrounding vasculature

Roots Structure and Development

Epidermis

Cortex

Monocot

Endodermis
Location of
Casparian strip
Primary phloem
Pericycle
Primary xylem

Pith

1250 m
385 m

Endodermis
Location of
Casparian strip

Endodermis

Eudicot

Primary xylem

Cortex

Primary phloem

Epidermis
Pericycle

48 m
8 m

Prop roots

Roots Many Plants Have

Modified Roots

Strangling
aerial roots
Storage roots
Buttress
roots

Pneumatophores

Water storage

Stems - Overview
Stem: an organ made of
An alternating system of
nodes, points at which
leaves attach
Internodes, stem length
between nodes

Axillary bud - structure

that can form a lateral
shoot, or branch
Apical/terminal bud located near the shoot
tip, lengthens a shoot
Apical dominance
maintains dormancy in
most nonapical buds

Apical bud
Node
Internode
Apical
bud
Vegetative
shoot

Axillary
bud
Stem

Shoot
system

Stems Structure and Development

Stems have all three types of
plant tissue
Grow by division at meristems
Develop into leaves, other
shoots, and even flowers
Leaves may be arranged in
one of three ways

Stems - Comparisons
Eudicot

Monocot

Stems Many Plants

Have Modified Stems

Rhizomes

Bulbs
Storage leaves
Stem
Stolons
Stolon

Tubers

Leaves - Overview
The leaf is the main photosynthetic
organ of most vascular plants

Shoot
system

Leaves generally have

Leaf

a flattened blade

Blade
Petiole

and a stalk called the

petiole, which joins the leaf
to a node of the stem

Leaves Structure and Development

Leaves are
several layers
thick each
with different
cell types

Leaves Structure and Development

Most dicots have 2

types of mesophyll
Palisade mesophyll
high photosynthesis

Spongy mesophyll
air spaces for gas
& water exchange

Monocot leaves have 1

type of mesophyll

Leaves - Comparisons
Monocots and dicots differ in the arrangement of veins,
the vascular tissue of leaves

Most dicots have

branch-like veins and
palmate leaf shape

Monocots have parallel

leaf veins and longer,
slender blades

Leaves Plants have

modified leaves for
various functions

Tendrils

Spines
Storage
leaves

Reproductive leaves

Bracts

Plant Growth
Plant Growth:
1) Indeterminate: Grow throughout life
2) Growth at tips (length) and at
hips (girth)

Growth patterns in plant:

1) Meristem Cells: Dividing Cells
2) Differentiated Cells: Cells specialized in structure & role
Form stable, permanent part of plant

Plant Growth
1) Primary Growth:
Apical Meristems:
Mitotic cells at tips of roots / stems
1) Increased length
2) Specialized structures (e.g. fruits)
2) Secondary Growth:

girth

Lateral Meristems:
Mitotic cells hips of plant
Responsible for increases in stem/root diameter

length

Plant Growth
Shoot apical meristem

Leaf primordia

Young
leaf

Developing
vascular
strand

Axillary bud
meristems

Plant Growth
Two lateral meristems: vascular cambium and cork cambium
Primary growth in stems
Epidermis
Cortex
Shoot tip (shoot
apical meristem
and young leaves)

Primary phloem
Primary xylem
Pith
Lateral meristems:

Axillary bud
meristem

Vascular cambium
Cork cambium

Secondary growth in stems

Periderm
Cork
cambium
Cortex

Root apical
meristems

Primary
phloem

Pith
Primary
xylem
Secondary
xylem

Secondary
phloem
Vascular cambium

Plant Growth
Stem Secondary Growth:
thicker, stronger stems
Vascular Cambium: between
primary xylem and phloem

primary phloem
vascular cambium
primary xylem
epidermis

Produces inside stem:

A) Secondary xylem
- moves H2O, inward
B) Secondary phloem
- moves sugars, outward

pith
cortex
primary xylem
dividing
vascular
cambium
primary phloem

Vascular Cambium:

Plant Growth

Secondary growth
secondary phloem
primary phloem
primary xylem
secondary xylem

primary
xylem
new
secondary
xylem

new
secondary
phloem

vascular cambium

dividing
vascular
cambium

primary
phloem

pith
cortex
Vascular cambium

Growth
X X C P P
Secondary
xylem

Secondary
phloem

X C P

X X C P

Vascular
cambium

X C
C

After one year

of growth

After two years

of growth

Plant Growth
Stem Secondary Growth:
Cork Cambium:
Located under outer surface;
produces periderm
Growth
ring
Vascular
ray

Dead at maturity
Protection

Heartwood
Secondary
xylem

Sapwood
Vascular cambium
Secondary phloem

Bark
Layers of periderm

Plant Growth
Stem Secondary Growth:

heartwood
(xylem)
sapwood
(xylem)
vascular
cambium
phloem
annual ring
Sapwood = Young xylem, water
late
xylem

Heartwood = Old xylem, support

early
xylem

Secondary phloem = grows outward

older phloem crushed

Seasonal Growth = annual rings

Plant Growth
RESULTS

Ring-width
indexes

2
1.5
1
0.5
0

1600

1700

1800
Year

1900

2000

Using dendrochronology to study climate

Plant Growth

Living tree or dead tree?

Plant Growth - Roots

Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Vascular
cylinder
Pericycle
Core of
parenchyma
cells
Xylem
100 m

Phloem
100 m

(a) Root with xylem and phloem in the center

(typical of eudicots)

(b) Root with parenchyma in the center (typical of

monocots)

Endodermis
Pericycle

Key
to labels
Dermal
Ground
Vascular

Xylem
Phloem

Plant Growth - Stems

In most monocot stems, the vascular bundles are scattered
throughout the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring
Phloem

Xylem

Sclerenchyma
(fiber cells)

Ground
tissue

Ground tissue
connecting
pith to cortex

Pith

Epidermis

Key
to labels
Cortex

Epidermis
Vascular
bundle

Dermal

Vascular
bundles

Ground
1 mm

(a) Cross section of stem with vascular bundles forming

a ring (typical of eudicots)

Vascular

1 mm
(b) Cross section of stem with scattered vascular bundles
(typical of monocots)

Plant Growth - Leaves

Leaf epidermis contains stomata - allow CO2 exchange
Stomata flanked by two guard cells, control open vs. closed
The ground tissue in a leaf, called mesophyll, fills the middle
Guard
cells

Key
to labels
Dermal
Ground
Vascular

Cuticle

50 m

Stomatal
pore
Epidermal
cell

Sclerenchyma
fibers
Stoma

(b) Surface view of a spiderwort

(Tradescantia) leaf (LM)
Upper
epidermis
Palisade
mesophyll

100 m

Spongy
mesophyll

Bundlesheath
cell

Lower
epidermis
Cuticle

Xylem
Vein

Phloem
(a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues

Guard
cells

Vein

Air spaces Guard cells

(c) Cross section of a lilac

(Syringa)) leaf (LM)

Lecture 5 Summary
1. Monocots vs. Dicots (Ch. 36)
Root structure and vasculature
Stem vasculature
Leaf structure and vasculature
2. Plant tissues (Ch. 36)
Dermal (epidermis)
Vascular
Ground
3. Plant organs (Ch. 36)
Roots
Stems
Leaves
4. Plant Growth (Ch. 36)
Meristems apical, axillary, lateral
Vascular cambium vs. cork cambium