Chemical Bond?

Any rearrangement of electrons in two or

more atoms that generates a force of
attraction, causing the atoms to be bound to
each other, forming a molecule.

Why Atoms Form Chemical Bond??

Chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom,
has eight electrons in its highest occupied energy level.
It is called The Octet Rule
The same number of electrons as in the nearest noble
gas
Exceptions
The first exception to this is hydrogen, which follows the duet rule.
The second exception is helium which does not form bonds because it is
already full with its two electrons

Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so

as to have 8 electrons
C would like to Gain 4 electrons
N would like to Gain 3 electrons
O would like to Gain 2 electrons

Chemical bonds: Types

1. Ionic bond
2. Covalent bond
a) Single, Double & Triple Covalent
Bonds
b) Polar & Non Polar Covalent Bonds

3. Coordinate Covalent Bond

4. Metallic bond

Three models of chemical bonding

Ionic

Covalent

Electron transfer

Electron sharing

Metallic

7
Electron pooling

Learning Check
A.

X would be the electron dot formula for

1) Na

B.

1) B

2) Ca

3) Al

would be the electron dot formula

2) N

3) P

IONIC BOND
Positive and negative ions attract one another
and bind together forming a new substance.
This is called ionic bonding.
Metal ions: metal atoms may lose electrons. The
atom then has more protons than electrons and so it
will be positively charged. Example: A magnesium
atom may lose two electrons and become a
Mg2+ ion.

Non-metal ions: Non-metal atoms may gain

electrons and become negatively charged.
Example: An oxygen atom may gain two electrons

Formation of Ions
Ionic compounds result when metals react with
nonmetals
Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence
electrons of their nearest noble gas
Positive ions are formed when atoms lose electrons.
In such an atom the number of electrons are less than
the number of protons

Formation of Sodium Ion

Sodium atom

Na
2-8-1
11 p+
11 e0

Sodium ion

Na +
2-8 ( = Ne)
11 p+
10 e1+

Formation of Magnesium Ion

Magnesium atom

Magnesium ion

Mg

2e

2-8-2
12 p+
12 e0

Mg2+

2-8 (=Ne)
12 p+
10 e2+

Some Typical Ions with Positive

Charges (Cations)
Group 1

Group 2

Group 13

H+

Mg2+

Al3+

Li+

Ca2+

Na+

Sr2+

K+

Ba2+

Learning Check
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum
1) 1 e2) 2 e3) 3 eB.

C.

Change in electrons for octet

1) lose 3e2) gain 3 eIonic charge of aluminum
1) 32) 5-

3) gain 5 e-

3) 3+

Solution
A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum
3)
3 eB.

Change in electrons for octet

1)
lose 3e-

C.

Ionic charge of aluminum

3) 3+

Ions from Nonmetal Ions

In ionic compounds, nonmetals in 15, 16, and 17
gain electrons from metals

Nonmetal add electrons to achieve the octet

arrangement

Nonmetal ionic charge:

-1, -2, -3

Fluoride Ion
unpaired electron

:F

2-7
9 p+
9 e0

octet

+ e

1-

: F:

2-8 (= Ne)
9 p+
10 e1ionic charge

1). Ionic bond electron from Na is transferred to Cl,

this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na
becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged
particles or ions.

Some More Examples

Some More Examples

COVALENT BOND
Covalent bonds arise from the sharing
of electrons between two atoms.

Covalent Bond
It is formed between nonmetallic elements of
similar electronegativity.
Formed by sharing electron pairs
Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
conductors at any state
Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O

Covalent bondselectrons.

Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell

 Single bond covalent bond in which 1 pair of

electrons is shared by 2 atoms.
HH
Double bond covalent bond in which 2 pairs of
electrons are shared by 2 atoms.
O=C=O
Triple bond covalent bond in which 3 pairs of
electrons are shared by 2 atoms.

NN
24

Lewis structure of water

H + O + H

single covalent bonds

HOH

or

H O H

2e-8e-2eDouble bond two atoms share two pairs of electrons

O C O

or

double bonds

8e- 8e- 8e-

Triple bond two atoms share three pairs of electrons

N N
8e-8etriple bond

or

triple bond
25

POLAR & NON POLAR COVALENT BONDS

When a covalent bond is formed between two
atoms with different electro negativities, the
electrons involved in the bond are not shared
equally. The atom with higher electronegativity pulls
the bonding electrons closer to it.

Non Polar
Electron pair is equally shares
No poles are created and no positive negative charge
formed

Polar covalent bonding is a type of

chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally
shared between two atoms.
Share pair spend more time with one atom
Partial positive ad negative charges are created

Why poles are formed??

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an
atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. The
Pauling scaleis the most commonly used. Fluorine (the
most electronegative element) is assigned a value of
4.0, and values range down to cesium and francium
which are the least electronegative at 0.7.

Electronegativity
The electronegativity value
indicates the attraction of an atom for shared electrons.
increases from left to right going across a period on the
periodic table.
is high for the nonmetals with fluorine as the highest.
is low for the metals.

30

Electronegativity Values for Group A Elements

Electronegativity
increases
`
Electronegativity decreases

High
values

Low
values

Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Covalent bonds are formed when the electronegativity

difference (Dc) between the atoms is <

1.7 otherwise ionic bond

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A nonpolar covalent bond
occurs between nonmetals.
is an equal or almost equal sharing of electrons.
has almost no electronegativity difference (0.0 to 0.4).

Examples:
Electronegativity
Atoms
Difference
Type of Bond
N-N
3.0 - 3.0 = 0.0
Nonpolar covalent
Cl-Br
3.0 - 2.8 = 0.2
Nonpolar covalent
H-Si
2.1 - 1.8 = 0.3
Nonpolar covalent

Polar Covalent Bonds

A polar covalent bond
occurs between nonmetal atoms.
is an unequal sharing of electrons.
has a moderate electronegativity difference (0.5 to 1.7).
Examples:
Electronegativity
Atoms
Difference
O-Cl
3.5 - 3.0 = 0.5
Cl-C
3.0 - 2.5 = 0.5
O-S
3.5 - 2.5 = 1.0

Type of Bond
Polar covalent
Polar covalent
Polar covalent

Comparing Nonpolar and Polar

Covalent Bonds

Ionic Bonds
An ionic bond
occurs between metal and nonmetal ions.
is a result of electron transfer.
has a large electronegativity difference (1.8 or more).
Examples:
Electronegativity
Atoms
Difference
Cl-K
3.0 0.8
N-Na
3.0 0.9
S-Cs
2.5 0.7

Type of Bond
= 2.2
Ionic
= 2.1
Ionic
= 1.8
Ionic

Because of the nature of ionic and covalent bonds, the

materials produced by those bonds tend to have quite
different macroscopic properties.

Ionic Compounds
1.Crystalline solids (made of
ions)
2.High melting and boiling
points
3.Conduct electricity when
melted
4.Many soluble in water but
not in nonpolar liquid

Covalent Compounds
1.Gases, liquids, or solids
(made of molecules)
2.Low melting and boiling
points
3.Poor electrical conductors
in all phases
4.Many soluble in nonpolar
liquids but not in water

Coordinate Covalent Bonds

A coordinate bond (also called a dative covalent

bond) is a covalent bond in whichbothelectrons come

from the same atom.
A coordinate covalent bond is usually shown with an

arrow.

Coordinate Covalent Bond

When one atom donates both electrons in a
covalent bond.
Carbon monoxide, CO

CO

Coordinate Covalent Bond

When one atom donates both electrons
in a covalent bond.
Carbon monoxide
CO

C O

Coordinate Covalent Bond

When one atom donates both electrons
in a covalent bond.
Carbon monoxide
CO

C O

Draw chemical Structure of ozone O3

Draw chemical Structure of Ammonium Ion

METALLIC BOND
Metallic bonding is the strong attraction
between closely packed positive metal ions
and a 'sea' of delocalized electrons.

Metallic Bond
Formed between atoms of metallic elements
Electron cloud around atoms
Good conductors at all states, lustrous, very
high melting points
Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co

Metallic Bond: A Sea of Electrons

VSEPR Model
VSEPR: Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion.
The structure around a given atom is determined principally
by minimizing electron pair repulsions.

46

Two Pairs of Electrons

BeCl2
180
Linear

Three Pairs of Electrons

BF3
120
Trigonal planar

Four Pairs of Electrons

CH4
109.5
Tetrahedral

Steps for Predicting Molecular Structure Using the VSEPR Model

1. Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule.

2. Count the electron pairs and arrange them in the way
that minimizes repulsion (put the pairs as far apart as
possible).
3. Determine the positions of the atoms from the way
electron pairs are shared (how electrons are shared
between the central atom and surrounding atoms).
4. Determine the name of the molecular structure from
positions of the atoms.

Molecules with Double Bonds

When using the VSEPR model to predict the molecular
geometry
of a molecule, a double or triple bond is
counted the same as a single electron pair.
CO2