Forces Revision

Syllabus
Motion
Forces

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Syllabus: Movement and position

use the following units: kilogram (kg), metre (m), metre/second

(m/s), metre/second2 (m/s2), newton (N), second (s) (P1.1).

understand and use distancetime graphs (P1.2)

recall and use the relationship between average speed, distance
moved and time
average speed = distance moved / time taken (P1.3)
recall and use the relationship between acceleration, velocity and
time
acceleration = change in velocity / time taken
a = (v-u)/t
(P1.4)
interpret velocitytime graphs (P1.5)
determine acceleration from the gradient of a velocitytime graph
and the distance travelled from the area between the graph and
the time axis (P1.6).

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Syllabus Double Award

express a force as a push or pull of one body on another

identify various types of force (e.g. gravitational, electrostatic, etc.)
understand that friction is a force that opposes motion
recall and use the relationship between unbalanced force, mass and
acceleration:
force = mass acceleration
F=ma
recall and use the relationship between weight, mass and g :
weight = mass g
W=mg
describe the forces acting on falling objects and explain why falling objects
reach a terminal velocity
describe the factors affecting vehicle stopping distance including speed,
mass, road condition and reaction time
recall and use the relationship between the moment of a force and its
distance from the pivot:
moment = force perpendicular distance from pivot
recall that the weight of a body acts through its centre of gravity
describe how extension varies with applied force for helical springs, metal
wires and rubber bands
recall that the initial linear region of a force extension graph is
associated with Hookes law
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Syllabus Separate Science

express a force as a push or pull of one body on another identify various types of force (e.g.
gravitational, electrostatic etc)
distinguish between vector and scalar quantities
appreciate the vector nature of a force
add forces that act along a line
understand that friction is a force that opposes motion
recall and use the relationship between unbalanced force, mass and acceleration
force = mass acceleration
F =ma
recall and use the relationship between weight, mass and g :
weight = mass g
W=mg
describe the forces acting on falling objects and explain why falling objects reach a terminal velocity
describe the factors affecting vehicle stopping distance including speed, mass, road condition and
reaction time
recall and use the relationship between the moment of a force and its distance from the pivot:
moment = force perpendicular distance from pivot
recall that the weight of a body acts through its centre of gravity
recall and use the principle of moments for a simple system of parallel forces acting in one plane
understand that the upward forces on a light beam supported at its ends vary with the position of a
heavy object placed on the beam
describe how extension varies with applied force for helical springs, metal wires and rubber bands
recall that the initial linear region of a force - extension graph is associated with Hookes law

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Motion

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Speed vs. Velocity

Speed is simply how fast you are travelling
This car is travelling at a speed
of 20m/s

Velocity is speed in a given direction

This car is travelling at a velocity
of 20m/s east

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Speed

Definition:
The rate of change of distance
Equation:
speed = distance
time
Units:
m/s
Symbol:
v (final) or u (initial)
Mnemonic:
Xylophones are Very Terrible

x
v

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Acceleration

06/06/16

Definition:
How quickly velocity changes
Equation:
acceleration = (final velocity initial velocity) time
a = (v-u)
t

Symbol: a
Units: m/s2
Mnemonic:
A Changing Vulture
undergoes Therapy

v-u
a

t
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Distance Time Graphs

x

a stationary object
An object with a fast constant velocity
An object with a slow constant velocity
an object which is accelerating
The gradient of a distance time graph is its velocity
ie distance divided by time

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What does the graph show?

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Velocity Time Graphs

v

An object with a constant velocity

An object with a fast constant acceleration
An object with a slow constant acceleration
an object which has a changing acceleration
The gradient of a velocity time graph is its acceleration
ie velocity divided by time

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What does the graph show?

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Calculating acceleration from graphs

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Calculating Distance Travelled

Sketch the graph in your books and write the answers

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Definition

Symbo
l

Unit

v
(m/s)

How far an object has moved

How fast an object is travelling

initially

Equation

Xylophones are Very Terrible

A Changing Vulture undergoes Therapy
Distance Time Graphs
Gradient = _____________

1
0

Descriptio
n
A

Speed

v
(m/s)
1
0

Description

1
0

1
5

0
0

x(m)
1
0

Descriptio
n

Speed

D
0

1
0

1
5

1
0

v
(m/s)
1
0

1
5

Worksheet

Distance Travelled =

t (s)

t (s)

Description

t (s) C

t (s)

Velocity Time Graphs

Gradient = ___________, Area under = ____________

B
0

The graph is of a sky diver, describe what is happening:

____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

x (m)

D
E

final velocity

Mnemonic

1
0

1
5

t (s)

Distance Travelled =

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Definition

Symbol

Unit

distance

How far an object has moved

initial velocity

How fast an object is travelling

initially

m/s

final velocity

How fast an object is travelling

finally

m/s

acceleration

Change in velocity

m/s

Mnemonic

Equation

Xylophones are Very Terrible

x=vt

A Changing Vulture undergoes Therapy

a = (v-u)/t

1
0

5
0
0

1
0

1
5

Constant v

2 m/s

Stationary

0 m/s

t (s) C

Coming
Back
Constant v

-2 m/s

Descriptio
n

Speed

Constant v

0.5 m/s

v
(m/s)
1
0

Faster
constant v

1 m/s

0
0

1
0

1
5

t (s)

t (s)

Velocity Time Graphs

Gradient = acceleration, Area under = distance

v
(m/s)
1
0

The graph is of a sky diver, describe what is happening:

At A he is accelerating due to his weight, as his speed
increases the air resistance increases until at B they
balance and he reaches a constant velocity called the
terminal velocity. At C he opens his parachute and the air
resistance increases causing him to decelerate at D. At E
the forces are balanced again and he falls at a new lower
terminal velocity until at F he lands

Speed

x(m)
1
0

Descriptio
n

Distance Time Graphs

Gradient = Velocity

x (m)

v
(m/s)

F
G

1
0

1
5

0
0

t (s)

1
0

1
5

t (s)

Description

Constant v

0 m/s2

Decelerating

-2 m/s2

Distance Travelled = 125 m

Description

Constant a

1 m/s2

Stationary

0 m/s2

Constant a

1 m/s2

Distance Travelled = 75 m

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Exam Question

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Forces

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What is a Force?

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Drawing Vectors
Small Force

Big Force

Going Right

Going Right

Tiny Force

Huge Force

Going Left

Going Down

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Cardsort: Types of Forces

Upthrust:
upwards force on a body caused by the water being displaced around
it. This is sometimes called buoyancy.
Lift:
upwards force on an aeroplane.
Thrust:
forwards force created by a body.
Weight:
Force due to gravitational attraction.
Friction:
Force caused by rubbing of surfaces that opposes motion.
Air/Water Resistance:
Frictional Force caused by particles colliding with the body that
opposes motion.
Magnetic:
Force caused by magnetic attraction.
Electrostatic:
Force caused by attraction between charges.
Reaction:
Force created by a body as a reaction to a force being applied.
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What are the Balanced Forces?

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Newtons First Law

Definition:
An object will remain at rest or at a
constant velocity in a straight line
unless there is a resultant force acting
on it.

Isaac Newton
1643-1727

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Calculating resultant forces

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Newtons Second Law

Definition:
If
the forces acting on an object are
unbalanced
then
theacting
objecton
will
The net
force
a body is
accelerate,
like
these wrestlers:
directly
proportional
to the mass x

the acceleration of the body and

acts in the same direction.
Equation:
F =mx a
N kg
m/s2
Mnemonic:
Fear my anger

Isaac Newton
1643-1727

F
m

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Gravitational Field Strength

Definition
Acceleration due to a gravitational field. Can be
measured in N/kg or m/s2.
Is 10 N/kg on Earth.
Symbol:
g
Equation:
W = mx g
W
N kg
m/s2
Mnemonic:
Wow my goodness
m
g
Wazzup my G

Worksheet

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Direction of Friction
Friction always acts in the opposite direction to the way
an object is moving.
What is the direction of friction for the following moving
objects?

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Terminal velocity of a skydiver

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Velocitytime graph of skydiver

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Stopping Distance

Thinking Distance

Braking Distance

Stopping Distance = = Thinking Distance + + Braking Distance

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Factors affecting stopping distances

Copy into your book and add:

mass of the car

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Stopping distances

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Moments

a moment is a turning force about a point.

moment about a point = force x distance
If an object is balanced the sum of the moments on it must add up to
zero.
Moments clockwise = moments anticlockwise

Give me a place to stand

and I will move the Earth
Archimedes
(287 212 BC)

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Principle of Moments

Separate Science

Drag and drop any of the masses onto the see saw and try to get it to
balance. The masses are in kilograms and the distance in metres.

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Centre of Gravity

The weight of an object acts through the centre of

gravity.
If you balance an object the moments on it are zero.
Therefore the centre of gravity must be at the pivot
point when balanced

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Extension of a metal
Load (N)
Plastic region

Elastic limit
Load extension

Extension
(cm)
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Force

Description
upwards force on a body caused by the water being displaced around it..
upwards force on an aeroplane.
forwards force created by a body.
Force due to gravitational attraction
Force caused by rubbing of surfaces that opposes motion
Frictional Force caused by particles colliding with the body that opposes
motion
Force caused by magnetic attraction.

Definition:
A force is a
_____, _____ or
_____ that can
cause a change in
motion, shape, or
direction.
Symbol:
F (_______)
W (_______)
Units:
N (_______)

Force caused by attraction between charges

Force created by a body as a reaction to a force being applied.
Thinking Distance

Braking Distance

Mnemonic

Equation

Units

Fear my Anger
Wow my Goodness
Moment = _______ x ________
Stopping distance = ______________ +
______________

Loa
d
(N)

______
region

______
limit
________________
________________

Worksheet

Extension
(cm)

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Force

Description

Upthrust

upwards force on a body caused by the water being displaced around it..

Lift

upwards force on an aeroplane.

Thrust

forwards force created by a body.

Weight

Force due to gravitational attraction

Friction

Force caused by rubbing of surfaces that opposes motion

Air/Water
Resistance

Frictional Force caused by particles colliding with the body that opposes
motion

Magnetic

Force caused by magnetic attraction.

Electrostatic

Force caused by attraction between charges

Reaction

Force created by a body as a reaction to a force being applied.

Thinking Distance

Braking Distance

Speed of Car

Speed of Car

Tiredness

Definition:
A force is a push,
pull or twist that
can cause a
change in motion,
shape, or
direction.
Symbol:
F (force)
W (weight)
Units:
N (newton)

Mnemonic

Equation

Units

Fear my Anger

F=ma

N = kg m/s2

Tyre Conditions

Wow my Goodness

W=mg

N = kg N/kg

Alcohol

Brake Conditions

Moment = force x distance

Nm = N m

Drugs and Medicines

Road Conditions

Stopping distance = braking distance + thinking distance

Distractions (mobiles)

Weather Conditions

Find the Resultant Force:

Mass of Car
Loa
d
(N)

Plastic
region

Elastic
limit
Load extension
Hookes Law is Obeyed
Extension
(cm)

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Crossword

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