Pemrosesan keramik: proses produksi komponen keramik dari bahan

dasar alamiah, buatan, dan limbah

Bahan yang
diekstrak dari
bumi sehingga
perlu proses
lebih lanjut
Contoh: batuan ----
dieksploitasi --- di buat
bubuk -- dibentuk
Komponen logam dibentuk
saat pemrosesan sedangkan
komponen keramik hanya
dapat dihasilkan dengan
proses sintering

Siklus pemrosesan material

Klasifikasi utama material

Klasifikasi material keramik

Silicates are often divided into coarse clay ceramics and fine ceramics,
subdivided into their constituents (>1 mm coarse clay ceramics, <1 mm
fine ceramics). Further distinction is made between porous and dense
materials and, depending on the degree of purity of the raw materials, for
example brightly burning porcelain (almost white) and coloured materials
such as tiles and bricks (Fig 1.4).

Klasifikasi material keramik

dalam industri

Another overview of silicates

can be seen from the ternary
phase diagram of clay or kaolin,
quartz and feldspar . Porcelain
is a mixture of kaolin, feldspar
and quartz. It is situated
approximately in the middle of
this diagram. Stoneware and
earthenware can also be found
here. So, it must have be taken
into consideration that a wide
range of materials with different
technological production
processes, therefore various
procedures, from the starting
powder to the final product is
necessary.

Reason why ceramic materials are made of powders, which after

shaping must undergo a sintering process to achieve the final properties
and, unlike metallic materials, cannot be molten and cast in a mould.
This is mainly due to the high melting temperatures of these materials,
often above 2000C. Technologically, it is extremely difficult to produce
molten masses at such high temperatures and cast them into suitable
containers. Another difference of the ceramics with regard to metals can
be seen. Due to the nature of the covalent or ionic bonds in the ceramic
materials, their electron conductivity in is quasi equal to zero. Ionic
conductivity is extremely low respectively the specific electric resistance
is very high

Oksida yang mempunyai titik leleh yang tinggi

Uranium compounds with their high density also belong to the ceramic
materials (Fig. 1.7). Here again, a particular technology, for example for the
production of nuclear fuel rods is required.

Sifat-sifat beberapa uranium

Refractories are another material group. Mixed oxides of silicon oxide,

alumina, chromium oxide and magnesium oxide are part of this group as well
as refractory bricks and chrome-magnesia stones. Refractories present a
very high temperature resistivity and a very good corrosion resistance and
are used in steel, binder or glass industry for kiln lining, thermal insulators.

Non-oxidic ceramic materials have extremely high melting temperatures (over 3000C) and a very low
density. Today, these materials are used for machinery construction or electronics, for example, when
the emphasis is to achieve low thermal conductivity and low specific weight. Movable and abrasionresistant components are increasingly applied for automobile fabrication or aerospace industry where
high temperature-resistant materials with low specific weight and therefore low inertia masses are
needed.

Sifat unsur-unsur non-oksida

materials
which are not
classified
among
ceramics, for
example,
titanium
carbide,
zirconium
carbide, and
titanium nitride
or zirconium
boride.
Despite the
fact they are
produced like
ceramics, they
show metallic
bonds, which
means
electron
conductivity.

Klasisikasi komposit

Pemrosesan Keramik dan Produk Keramik

Teknologi pemrosesan keramik digunakan untuk menghasilkan
produk komersiel yang sangat berbeda dalam ukuran, bentuk, detail,
kompleksitas, komposisi material, struktur, dan biaya
Contoh:

Paket elektronik multilayer

Keramik magnetik ferrites digunakan

dalam sistem daya listrik dan
komunikasi elektronik.

Katalis refraktori Cordierite

Refractory "honeycomb" digun
akan dalam sistem
pembakaran mobil.
Keramik struktural alumina diIgunakan luas dalam
berbagai aplikasi teknologi pemrosesan material
(textile guides, valve seals, impellers, nozzle inserts,
wear blocks, cutting tools, milling media, refractory
insulation supports) dan aplikasi listrik (spark
plug insulators, electronic substrates, electrical
insulation).

Komponen keramik struktural

silicon carbide yang tahan terhadap
korosi/erosi digunakan dalam
pemrosesan kimia.

Silicon nitride sebagai alat

pemotong logam.

Produk keramik tradisional silicate termasuk porselen listrik,

produk alat rumah tangga porselen dan keramik dinding dan
lantai.

Produk-produk yang dihasilkan melalui pemrosesan bubuk keramik:

- Electronics
Substrates, chip carriers, electronic packaging Capacitors, inductors,
resistors, electrical insulation Transducers, servisors, electrodes, igniters
Motor magnets, spark plug insulators
- Advanced structural materials
Cutting tools, wear-resistant inserts Engine components Resistant
coatings Dental and orthopedic prostheses High-efficiency lamps
- Chemical processing components
Ion exchange media Emission control components Catalyst supports
Liquid and gas filters
- Refractory structures
Refractory lining in furnaces, thermal insulations, kiln furniture
Recuperators, regenerators Crucibles, metal-processing materials, filters,
molds Heating elements
- Construction materials
Tile, structural clay products Cement, concrete
- Institutional and domestic products
Cookware Hotel china and dinnerware Bathroom fixtures Decorative
fixtures and household items

Klasifikasi Keramik Berdasarkan Fungsi:

Function

Class

Nominal Compositions

Electrical

Insulation

-Al2O3, MgO, porcelain

Ferroelectrics

BaTiO3, SrTiO3

Piezoelectric

PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3

Fast ion conduction

-A12O3, doped ZrO2

Superconductors

Ba2YCu3O7-x

Soft ferrite

Mn0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4

Hard ferrite

BaFe12O19, SrFe12O19

Fuel

UO2, UO2PuO2

Cladding/shielding

SiC, B4C

Transparent envelope

-Al2O3, MgAl2O4

Light memory

Doped PbZr0.5Ti0.5O3

Colors

Doped ZrSiO4, doped ZrO2, doped Al2O3

Magnetic

Nuclear

Optical

Mechanical

Thermal

Chemical

Biological

Aesthetic

Structural refractory

-Al2O3, MgO, SiC, Si3N4, Al6Si2O13

Wear resistance

-Al2O3, ZrO2, SiC, Si3N4, toughened Al2O3

Cutting

-Al2O3, ZrO2, TiC, Si3N4, SIALON

Abrasive

-Al2O3, SiC, toughened Al2O3, SIALON

Construction

Al2O3SiO2, CaOAl2O3SiO2, porcelain

Insulation

-Al2O3, ZrO2, Al6Si2O13, SiO2

Radiator

ZrO2, TiO2

Gas sensor

ZnO, ZrO2, SnO2, Fe2O3

Catalyst carrier

Mg2Al4Si5O18, Al2O3

Electrodes

TiO2, TiB2, SnO2, ZnO

Filters

SiO2,-Al2O3

Coatings

NaOCaOAl2O3SiO2

Structural prostheses

-Al2O3, porcelain

Cements

CaHPO4 2H2O

Pottery, artware

Whiteware, porcelain

Tile, concrete

Whiteware, CaOSiO2H2O

Perbandingan mikrostruktur

Alumina densitas 98%

Alumina densitas 99,9%

alumina fiber insulation dengan

porositas > 90%

Sintered, porous reticulated alumina cerami

c for molten metal filtration.