Metallurgy
Unit 1 - Alloys and Phase Diagrams
Unit 2 - Heat Treatment
Unit 3 - Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals
Unit 4 - Non-metallic Materials
Unit 5 - Mechanical Properties and Deformation
Mechanisms
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Unit 1
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Constitution of Alloys
Subject Code: ME6403
Title: Engineering Materials and Metallurgy
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General Objective
To study and understand the concepts of alloy
structure.
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Pre-requisite Knowledge
Engineering materials
Classification of engineering materials
Types of Crystal structure
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Specific Objectives
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Alloy
An alloy is a substance that has metallic properties and is
composed of two or more chemical elements, of which at least
one is a metal.
Alloys may be classified according to their structure, and
complete alloy systems may be classified according to the
type of their equilibrium or phase diagram.
Alloys may be homogeneous (uniform) or mixtures. If the
alloy is homogenous it will consist of a single phase, and if it
is a mixture it will be a combination of more than one phases.
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Solid Solutions
In the solid state there are three possible phases:
1. Pure metal
2. Intermediate alloy phase or compound
3. Solid solution
A solid solution may be defined as a solid that consists of two or
more elements atomically dispersed in a single-phase Structure
A solid solution is composed of two parts.
Solute: A solute is the minor part of the solution or the
material which is dissolved
Solvent: Solvent constitutes the major portion of the solution.
Both the solute and the solvent can be solid, liquid or gas.
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Cont.,
2. Crystal-structure factor:
Complete solid solubility of two elements is never attained
unless the elements have the same type of crystal lattice
structure.
3. Relative-Valence factor:
If the solute metal has a different valence from that of the
solvent metal, the electron ratio will be changed.
The number of valence electrons per atom is called election
ratio.
Crystal structures are more sensitive to a decrease in the
electron ratio than to an increases.
In other words, a metal of lower valence tends to dissolve more
of a metal of higher valence than vice versa.
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Cont.,
4. Electronegativity :
It is the ability of the atom to attract an electron.
The atoms must have approximately the same
electronegativity. If electronegativity differ significantly,
then the compounds will form.
By considering the above four factors, some estimate of the solid
solubility of one metal in another can be determined.
It is important to note that an unfavorable relative-size factor
alone is sufficient to limit solubility to a low value.
If the relative-size factor is favorable, then the other three factors
should be considered in deciding on the probable degree of solid
solubility.
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13
Cont.,
Illustration:
A Ni-Cu system, shown in
Figure, is an example for a
substitutional solid solution.
These two elements are
completely soluble in one
another at all proportions.
This system also satisfies all
the Hume Rothery's rules.
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15
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Cont.,
These are hydrogen (0.46), boron (0.97),
carbon (0.77), nitrogen (0.71) and
oxygen (0.60).
Figure illustrates an interstitial solid
solution that is formed by carbon in FCC
iron just above 912C.
In this case, the atomic radius of carbon
is 0.77 A (angstrom) and that of iron is
1.29 A (angstrom), and so there is an
atomic radius difference of 42%.
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Mind Map
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Stimulating Questions
(Lower Order Technique)
Define alloy.
What are the two types of solid solution?
Differentiate random and ordered solid solution.
List out the various factors of hume rothery rules.
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Stimulating Questions
(Higher Order Technique)
What is solid solution? Explain the Hume Rothery rules
governing substitutional solid solution.
How are solid solutions classified? Give two examples for
each.
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References
Sidney H Avner, Introduction to Physical
Metallurgy Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.2007
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