Referencing

REFERENCES AND
BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Learning outcomes
At the end of this lesson, students should be
able to
Understand why academic texts have

reference lists and bibliographies

Understand and practice the structure of the
APA referencing system

Documenting sources
This is the practice of citing
original sources of information
used in journal articles, books,
formal reports or any documents
that include evidence from printed
work.

Why use references?

Readers can locate the original source

material
The writer is not personally
responsible for the contents
To avoid charges of plagiarism

When to document
DO document (cite)
when :

DONT document (cite)

when :

Using a direct quotation

Presenting widely

from another text

Paraphrasing
information from
another source

known information
Information comes from
encyclopedias or
dictionaries

Documenting sources
The systems most frequently used in
the natural sciences, social sciences
and technical fields are :
APA or American Psychological

Association
(others- IEEE, Number-referenceetc)

Bibliographies &
References
Bibliography
Lists sources used for background reading
as part of research.
References
Lists the particular sources used e.g.
journal articles, books, websites, graphics

Structuring of Bibliographies and

References
APA Referencing system
For Books
Author.
(Publication Date).
Title of book.
Edition e.g. 3rd ed.
Place of publication :
Publisher.
Doe, D. (1984).History of
Cartography( 3th ed.).
London: Virago Press.

For Journal

papers
Author.
(Publication Date).
Title of article.
Periodical title.
Volume number,
(Edition).
Page numbers e.g. 603-633
Doe,D. (1985). Food colourants.
Nutrition. 31 (3) 603-633.

Now you try

Example 1

Example 2

Lucy Richards
Handling qualitative
data : A practical
guide.
Sage publishers,
London
In 2005.

Zhang Tan
Questioning in Chinese
university EL
classrooms. What lies
beyond it?
Volume 38 edition 1
2007
RELC Journal
Pages 87-103

APA Referencing System:

Alphabetical
Order
10
References
Doe, D. (1984).History of Cartography( 3th ed.). London: Virago Press.
Doe,D. (1985). Food colourants. Nutrition. 31 (3) 603-633.
Richards, L. (2005). Handling qualitative data: A practical guide.
London:Sage Publishers.
Tan, Z. (2007). Questioning in Chinese university EL classrooms. What
lies beyond it? 38 (1), 87 103.

Numbering System:
In the order they are cited in the
text
11
[1] Krochta, J. M., & DeMulder-Johnson, M. (1997).
Edible and biodegradable polymer films: challenges
and opportunities. Food Technology, 51, 61-74.
[2] Colvin, R. (1995, April). Biodegradable polymers
make
small-scale return. Modern Plastics, 17-19.
[3] Farrell, M., & Goldstein, N. (1995, November).
Unraveling the biodegradable plastics maze.
BioCycle, 74-79.
[4] Lawton, J. W. (1996). Effect of starch type on the
properties of starch containing films. Carbohydrate
Polymers, 29, 203-208.

Alphabetically by last name of

author
12

[1] Colvin, R. (1995, April). Biodegradable polymers

make small-scale return. Modern Plastics, 17-19.
[2] Farrell, M., & Goldstein, N. (1995, November).
Unraveling the biodegradable plastics maze.
BioCycle,
74-79.
[3] Krochta, J. M., & DeMulder-Johnson, M. (1997).
Edible and biodegradable polymer films:
challenges and opportunities. Food Technology,
51, 61-74.
[4] Lawton, J. W. (1996). Effect of starch type on
the properties of starch containing films.
Carbohydrate Polymers, 29, 203-208.

Quick review to conclude

What is the sequence for a book?

What is the sequence for a journal?
Could you identify the differences

between APA referencing system

and the Numbering system?

This is the last slide for

referencing. Thank you for
paying attention