PHILOSOPHICAL

MOVEMENT IN
EDUCATION

MODERN PHILOSOPHIES OF
EDUCATION

IDEALISM
This school of thoughts holds that knowledge is
independent of sense perception or experience
It lays stress on the mental idea, intrinsic or
spiritual value rather than on physical fact or
material value.
On the other hand, idealist expects the teachers
to be role models of intellectual, moral, aesthetic,
and vocational excellence to their students. They
should teach by example.

PRAGMATISM
It is a doctrine that claims that the meaning of
proposition or idea lies in its practical consequences.
It is derived from the Greek word pragma which
means a thing done or a fact that is practiced.
The aim of education, as for the pragmatist are
concerned, is the total development of the child
through experiencing or through self-activity or the
learning by doing dictum postulated by John Dewey.

PROGRESSIVISM
It claims that the childs growth and development as an
individual depend on his experiences and self-activity
It adheres to the ideas that thinking and reasoning should
be emphasized.
It also recognizes the fact that no two individuals are
exactly alike, the principle of individual differences.
Therefore, the activities and experiences to be provided by
the school should meet the needs and should be in
accordance with the abilities of every child.

EXISTENTIALISM
It is a philosophical doctrine which emphasizes the freedom
of human beings to make choices
Education to the existentialist should enable man to make
choices for his life.
They also believe that the teachers should only act as a
guide, a resource person or facilitator of learning and must
not interfere in the decision of the student.
The teacher has the right to teach his student how to think
but not what to think.

ESSENTIALISM
It is philosophical theory that ascribes
ultimate reality to essence embodied in a
thing perceptible to the senses.
In education, it is a philosophy holding
that certain basic ideas and skills or
disciplines essential to ones culture can
be formulated and should be taught to all
alike by certain time-tested methods.

Your Beliefs dont make you

a better person; your
Behavior does
-Sukhraj Dhillon

ORIENTAL PHILOSOPHY

HINDUISM
Is the predominant religion of the
peoples of India.
This religion has a triad of
chief gods known as Trimurti.

Brahma-the supreme spirit

Vishnu- the preserver
Krishna-the hero in the topic
Mahabharata and Rama
Shiva- the destroyer
Caste System:
Brahmins or Brahmans-the
priests
Kshatriyas-the nobles and the
warriors
Vaisyas-the traders cultivators
and peasants

 Law of Karma-a process of series of birth and

rebirth until one attains perfection and
eventually reaches the place Nirvana
Nirvana- a place of unending happiness and
bliss
Veda-most sacred of all Hindu scriptures
Four main collections:
Rig Veda-hymns and praises
Yajur Veda-prayers and sacrificial formulas
Sama Veda- tunes and chants
Atharva Veda-magical formulas

Buddhism- the enlightened one

Siddharta Gautama (563-483 B.C.)

Four Noble Truths

The noble truth of
suffering
The noble truth on the
origin of suffering
The noble truth on the
cessation of desire
The noble truth to the
way of the cessation of

Confucianism
Is the body of beliefs and practices that
are based on the Chinese classics and are
supported by the authority of Kung fu-tzu
or Confucius.

Confucius
-born in 551 B.C. in the
city of Lu in Northern
China and died round
551 B. C.

 Analects- a collection of discussion and

sayings
Six Chinese Classics:
Shu ching-the book of history
Shi Ching-the book of Poetry
I Ching-the book of changes
Li Chi-the book of rites
Yue Ching-the book of music
Chun Chu-spring and autumn annals

TAOISM
The word tao literally means path or way.
It may denote a way of acting or a
principle of teaching.
Te-means virtue or power through magic
and rituals.
To follow the tao is to follow the
way of nature.

Shintoism
Shinto was coined from the Chinese shen (god) and
tao (the way), when Buddhism first entered Japan.
The intention was to distinguish the older religion
the way of the Kami from the new Buddhism.
Kami has no exact translation for it applies to
animal, plants, seas, mountains, all natural
phenomena, and even to the ancestors.
Ancient Shinto combined the veneration of nature
with rites of an ancient agricultural fertility cult the
one of the foremost Kami, the Sun Goddess
Amaterasu, at the famous shrine at Ise; at the
pilgrimage to the summit of Mount Fuji; in planting
and harvesting ceremonies; and the veneration of
sacred trees

Zoroastrianism
Religion founded by Zoroaster or Zarathustra (ca.
700 B.C.).
Its theology is dualistic, the Good God Ahura
Mazda or Ormuzd being opposed by the Evil God,
Angra Mainyu or Ahriman.
A ceremony was devised for purifying and keeping
clean both the soul and body.
The worship was at altars on which burnt the sacred
fire and sacrifices are offered.
A priestly class was instituted and the dead were
exposed to vultures.

Judaism
The religion of Jewish people. The Jewish people trace their
history as told in the Hebrew Bible, in particular the Pentateuch
the first five books of the Bible also known as the Torah (law)
from the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
The God of Israel, known as Yahweh revealed Himself as the God
of history and not simply a tribal deity or nature spirit but the
Creator of everything who is in total control of the world which
He Himself has created in the beginning of time.
The Sacred scriptures of Judaism are: the Bible (Old Testament)
a collection of books written over a period of 1,000 years and
written by different authors; the Torah (Law) the first five books
of the Bible attributed to Moses; the Mishnah (repetition) ethical
and ritual teaching based on the Bible; Talmud study based on
the Mishnah with further reflections.

The key beliefs of the Jewish people are

summarized as:
The existence of the Creator
The unity of God
The incorpo reality of God (God is a spirit)
The eternity of God
The obligation to serve and worship God
alone
The existence of prophecy
The superiority of Moses to all the prophets

 The revelation of the Law to Moses to all the

prophets
The unchanging nature of the law
God is omniscient (all knowing), omnipotent (all
powerful) and omnipresent (everywhere)
Retribution in this world and the next
The coming of the Messiah
The resurrection of the dead

Christianity

Christians take their name from Jesus Christ. Jesus was born
in Judea, sometime between 6 and 4 B.C., to a devout
Jewish couple named Mary and Joseph, descendants of King
David. He grew up in Nazareth, in Galilee, and at the age of
30 was baptized in the River Jordan by a prophet named
John the Baptist. John had been preaching and baptizing
people, as a mark of repentance for sins. He heralded the
coming of one greater than himself.
After his baptism, Jesus gathered round him a band of
twelve disciples, and went about the countryside preaching,
teaching and healing the sick. He announced the coming of
Gods rule and declared the need for people to repent of
their sins and believe the Good News of Gods kingdom. At
the age of 33, Jesus was arrested, tortured and put to death
by the Roman authorities, with the collaboration of the
Jewish secular and religious leaders, probably about A.D.
29-30. He died by crucifixion, a common but very painful
method of execution.

But he rose from the dead three days later, appeared to

some women followers and His disciples, and a number of
occasions during the next forty days, and then returned to
His Father in heaven. Christians therefore believe in a living
Christ not a dead hero. The crucifix and the cross have
become the symbols of the suffering Savior and the risen
Lord.
The Christians believe that Jesus Christ is both Son of God
and Son of Man fully human and fully divine and without
sin. In Him, One God, Creator of the heavens and the earth,
came down to men, in order to raise men to be with God.
This is the incarnation, achieved through his birth of a
virgin mother, conceived by the Holy Spirit. Jesus on
himself the limitations of human nature. He also took
responsibility for the sins of the human race, reconciling
God with men and men with God. This is the atonement,
achieved through his death. But he died only to rise again
to new life. This is the resurrection.

Those who believe in Jesus are not only saved from their
sins but will be raised to new life when Jesus comes again.
Meanwhile, through the Spirit of God living in them, they are
guided and strengthened in their pilgrimage on earth.
The Christian canon of scripture, known as the Bible, was
finally agreed on between A.D. 170 and 220. It contains 39
books of Jewish scriptures (the Old Testament) and 27 books
of Christian scriptures (The New Testament). Some people
add to these the Apocrypha, a collection Jewish writings
which formed part of the Greek version of the Jewish
scriptures, but which were excluded from the accepted
Hebrew canon.
The New Testament consists of four Gospels, the Acts of
the Apostles, the Epistles or the Letters of Paul, the General
Letters and the Revelation to St. John. The Christians believe
that the Bible is the written Word of God, which bears witness

Islam

Islam which literally means submission to God

is one of the three monotheistic religions in the
world. Its followers, the Muslims are those who
commit themselves in the surrender to the will of
God (Allah).
Islam traces its origin to the prophet
Muhammad, who was born in Mecca, Arabia, about
A.D. 571, the time where a power vacuum existed
between two great empires of East and West
Persia and Byzantine. Muhammad, who was
orphaned at an early age was looked upon by his
relatives until a rich uncle sent him on trading
expeditions to the north where it is reported that
he met Christians. At the age of 25, a rich forty

In middle life, Muhammad began to show mystical traits

and developed the habit of withdrawing to the hills for
contemplation. On one such occasion, at the age of forty,
he received a revelation calling him to denounce the
paganism and polytheism of Mecca and preach the
existence of one God-Allah. Then in 622, at the request of
the people of Medina, he left Mecca for Medina
accompanied by his followers.. This is known as the
celebration of hijra or emigration the event from which the
Muslim calendar begins. Meanwhile Muhammad had
expelled most of the Jewish Tribes of Western and Central
Arabia into the Muslim community. In 630, he attacked
Mecca and captured it. Muhammad immediately set about
eliminating the polytheists and rededicated the ancient
sanctuary of the Kaaba to Allah , making it the central
shrine of pilgrimage for Muslims. In 632, Muhammad died
without naming a successor. He was succeeded by a series
of Caliphs (successors), the first being Abu Bakr and Umar.

The Islamic faith is centered on the Five Pillars of Islam:

1.) Shahada ( confession of faith ) There is no other God but Allah and
Muhammad as is his prophet.
2.) Salat ( prayer ) Muslims pray five times daily facing Mecca at
daybreak, noon, mid-afternoon, after sunset and early in the night. They also
go to the Mosques during Fridays.
3.) Zakat ( Almsgiving ) Muslims give percent of their income and other
properties to charity.
4.) Ramadan ( Fasting ) during this period the Muslims do not eat, drink,
smoke or engage in sex between dawn and sunset.
5.) Hajj ( Pilgrimage ) A Muslim is required to go to Mecca at least once in
his lifetime.

Choose a job you love and you

will never have to work a day in
your life
-Confucius

Happiness does no depend on

what you have or who you are. It
solely relies on what you think.
-Buddha

Your birth is a mistake

youll spend your whole life
trying to correct.
-Lord Krishna

Education breeds confidence.

Confidence breeds hope.
Hope breeds peace.
-Confucius

APPLY YOURSELF. GET ALL THE

EDUCATION YOU CAN, BUT
THEN, BY GOD, DO
SOMETHING. DONT JUST STAND
THERE, MAKE IT HAPPEN.