Grammar in Use: Dentistry

To talk about a future happening or a future

situation.

Future Simple
I / we
you / they

+ will + verb

he / she / it
I will send you a copy of the latest article on oral

cancer as soon as I get it.

She will attend the European Congress next
year.
Dentistry will be very different in a hundred years
time.

 To say that we will be in the middle of

something at a certain time in the future.

Future Continuous
Will be + gerund of the verb (verb +ing)
This time tomorrow morning he will be

attending the conference on medications

and the CNS.
I will be examining this patient tomorrow
at 3 p.m.

 To say that something will already have the

result before a certain time in the future.

Future Perfect
Will have + past participle of the verb.

I think the doctor will already have arrived

by the time we begin the procedure.

Our doctor will have consulted you by the
end of the week.
You will have received the schedule by 5
oclock.

Past Simple
To talk about actions or situations in the

past (they have already finished):

I enjoyed the course of Anatomy last term.
To say that one thing happened after
another:
Yesterday we had a terrible duty.
To talk about happenings and actions that
are not connected with the present (historical
events):
Fleming discovered penicillin.

Past Simple
The simple past has the following forms:
Affirmative:
The past of the regular verbs is formed by adding

-ed to the infinitive (treated).

The past of the irregular verbs has its own form
(write wrote).
Negative:
Did/didn't + the base form of the verb.
Questions:
Did I/you/. . . + the base form of the verb

 To say that someone was in the middle of doing

something at a certain time.

Past Continuous
Was/were + gerund of the verb.
This time last year I was writing an article on

lipid metabolism.
The doctor was examining the patient when the
nurse entered the ward.
The dentist was measuring the depth of
periodontal pocket at 6 oclock yesterday.
When I entered the hospital, many patients were
waiting in the corridor.

Past Perfect
Shows an action that happened in the past

before another past action.

Had + past participle of the verb.

Past Perfect is used:

To say that something had already

happened before something else

happened:
When I arrived at the meeting, the chairman
had already begun his presentation.
We use adverbial modifiers of time: by 5
o'clock, by the end of the year:
He had sent his abstracts to the Congress
by the 1st of June.

MODAL VERBS

Modal verb

Meaning

Example

Can
(past form could)

ability

One can classify developmental

abnormalities of teeth into several
categories

May
(past form might)

permission
or
possibility

Genetic
factors
may
cause
abnormalities of tooth development

Must
(past form had to)

obligation

For treating class III malocclusion,

a direct cause must be identified

Should
(past form should
have + past
participle)

advice

You should give up smoking

MODAL VERBS
Overcrowding of teeth can cause dental caries and

gingivitis.
Anomalies of bite can be hereditary.
Enamel hypocalcification may affect all teeth in the
dentition.
The patient may leave the hospital.
The patient must follow the doctors prescription.
Dental diseases must be promptly diagnosed and
treated at the early stages.
You should follow the doctors instructions.

Video: Pulpitis
In general, two damage mechanisms that may cause

an inflammation of the pulp can be distinguished.

But a bone infection may also develop in the
absence of bacteria.
Bacteria feed off the tissue residue and can multiply
without hindrance.
An insufficient amount of immune cells may
contribute to the development of an infectious
reaction in the bone.
The migrating bacteria settle in places where they
can escape the immune system.

Video: Pulpitis
Years later, a root canal sclerosis may lead to a root

resorption.
If there is an infectious focus, a spreading of the
bacteria may occur.
There may still be cell debris attached to the walls.
Sometimes, all these processes may occur
simultaneously in a tooth.
One should also not forget that every patient
experiences pain differently.
That is why every focus of infection should be
treated irrespective of its developmental history.