Division celular y herencia de los

cromosomas-Clase 2
BIOL3349 enero 2014

Mitosis y
meiosis en
los ciclos de
vida
diploides o
haploides
Multicelular
es o
unicelulare
s

En el cigoto
todas las
clulas son
iguales, pero
luego
comienzan a
especializars
e
Somtic
as
Desde
etapas
germinal
tempranas
es
del desarrollo
del individuo
las clulas
germinales se
programa
para meiosis

http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/scireport/pages/appendixa.aspx
http://www.allthingsstemcell.com/glossary/

Which phase of mitosis is depicted

in
the
image
below?
a. Prophase
b.

Metaphase

c.

Anaphase

d.

Telophase

c)

Anaphase

The chromosomes separate

and move toward the poles
during anaphase.

Overview de mitosis

Overview de meiosis
Meiosis I
Ocurre recombinacin
separa cromosomas
homlogos
Clula pasa a ser
HAPLOIDE
DIVISIN REDUCCIONAL
Meiosis II
separa cromtidas
hermanas
DIVISIN ECUACIONAL

Metaphase I
In metaphase I chiasmata between homologs

are dissolved; this completes crossing over

Homologs align on opposite sides of the

metaphase plate
Kinetochore microtubules attach to both sister

chromatids of one homolog; kinetochore

microtubules from the opposite pole do the
same for the other homolog
10

Anaphase I
Anaphase I begins when homologs

separate from one another and are pulled

to opposite poles of the cell
Sister chromatids are firmly attached by

cohesin

11

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

In telophase I the nuclear membranes reform

around the separated haploid sets of

chromosomes
Cytokinesis follows telophase I and divides

the cytoplasm to create two haploid cells

Meiosis I is called the reductional division

because the ploidy of the daughter cells is

halved compared to the original diploid parent
cell
12

Meiosis II
Meiosis II divides each haploid daughter cell

into two haploid cells, by separating sister

chromatids from one another
The process is similar to mitosis in a haploid

cell
Four genetically distinct haploid cells are

produced, each carrying one chromosome of

a homologous pair
14

Mecanica de las razones mendelianas

16

17

The Chromosome Theory of Heredity Proposes

That Genes Are Carried on Chromosomes

Sutton and Boveri proposed that chromosome

behavior in meiosis mirrors hereditary transmission of

genes

Morgan studied fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster,

to test Mendels rules on a natural, rather than

domesticated, species

The term wild type signifies the phenotype most

common in a population

19

Morgans Results
Over several years, Morgans lab

members found numerous phenotypic

variants and analyzed these in controlled
crosses

He concluded from his results that genes

were carried on chromosomes

20

21

22

23

Critical Region on
Chromosome 21
A portion of the chromosome called DSCR (Down

syndrome critical region) can be correlated with the

majority of the Down syndrome symptoms

A candidate gene called DYRK, known to produce

dosage-sensitive learning defects in mice and flies,

makes a major contribution to Down syndrome

24

Anafase I

Anafase I

The normal situation.

Cohesion between sister chromatids (shown by the orange rings) is
established during pre-meiotic S phase. Following recombination,
cohesion distal to the sites of exchanges tethers homologues
throughout dictyate arrest. During the first meiotic division, release of
cohesion along chromosome arms but retention at sister centromeres
allows homologues to segregate while retaining a centromeric
connection between sister chromatids. During the second meiotic
division, cleavage of the remaining centromeric cohesion allows sister
chromatids to segregate. (Note that in this panel, we have followed
segregation of only one of the two homologues; that is, the homologue
on the right at anaphase I. Similarly, in the following panels only one of
the two possible meiosis II configurations is shown.)

Anafase I

Anafase I

Premature loss of arm cohesion. Loss of cohesion

distal to sites of exchange before anaphase I may result
in premature homologue separation into two unpaired
univalents, which will then segregate independently of
one another at meiosis I. If both homologues travel
together, the production of unbalanced gametes is
almost certain. For example, as shown here, the sisters
of each homologue separate at meiosis II, yielding an

Premature loss of centromeric cohesion.

Loss of cohesion between sister
centromeres can occur at meiosis I (as
shown here) or meiosis II, leading to
random segregation of sister
centromeres.

http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/sanders/bio309/Lectures/2006/Lecture
%208%202006.htm

What is amniocentesis?Amniocentesis is a prenatal test that allows

you and your practitioner to gather information about your baby's
health and development from a sample of your amniotic fluid. (This is
the fluid that surrounds the baby in your uterus.)
The test is most commonly done when a woman is between 15 and
18 weeks pregnant to determine whether the baby has genetic or
chromosomal abnormalities, such as
Down syndrome. But not all women choose to have this test because it c
arries a small risk of miscarriage.

http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/sanders/bio309/Lectures/2006/Lecture
%208%202006.htm