MATERI KULIAH 5:

NAVIGATION AND INSTRUMENT

FLIGHT PROCEDURE
RUNWAY ORIENTATION (WINDROSE ANALYSIS)
MARKING AND LIGHTING

DR. IR. LA ODE MUH. MAGRIBI, MT

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RUNWAY
Rectangular area on an
aerodrome used for landing and
take off
Runway orientation is important
in airport planning
Current practice is to layout a
runway in the direction of
prevailing wind
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IMPORTANCE OF RUNWAY
LAYOUT

Determination of runway is a critical

task
It is very important for safe take offs
and approaches
The width and sloping of runway also
play a role in safe approaches . It can
be illustrated by the figure below :

RUNWAY NUMBERS
Runways are numbered according
the magnetic compass direction
they are oriented to
Consists of two numbers one at
each end of runway
Preceding that number are eight
stripes

 By 500 feet is the touchdown zone ,

identified by six stripes
Runway numbers are not given in
degrees, rather in shorthand format
e.g. a runway with a marking of 14 is
actually 140 degrees
For simplicity FAA rounds off the
precise headings to nearest tens

RUNWAY HEADING
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RUNWAY
CONFIGURATION

FAA includes over 20 runway

layouts
Amongst them there are 4 basic
runway patterns :
1. SIMPLE RUNWAY
2. PARALLEL RUNWAY
3. OPEN-V RUNWAYS
4. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
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SINGLE RUNWAY

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PARALLEL RUNWAYS
There are
4 types of
parallel
runways

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OPEN-V RUNWAYS
Runways diverging from different directions
but do not intersect and form an open-V
shape are OPEN-V runways

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INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
Two or more runways that cross each other are
classified as intersecting runways.
This type of runway is used when there are
relatively strong prevailing winds from more
than one direction during the year.

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FACTORS AFFECTING RUNWAY

ORIENTATION

WIND
AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY
WILD LIFE HAZARDS
TERRAIN AND SOIL
CONSIDERATION
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WIND ROSE ANALYSIS

An approach often used in
determining the runway
orientation
The method uses a wind rose
template
A transparent runway template is
placed and rotated around the
center of wind rose
At each rotating angle, the
percentage of allowable cross

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WIND ROSE METHOD

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ANALISA ARAH ANGIN

WINDRODE ANALYSIS

Analisa angin merupakan hal yang mendasar dari

perencanaan landasan pacu utama. Bandar udara
sedapat mungkin searah dengan angin dominan
(prevailling wind).
Analisis arah angin (windrose analysis) merupakan
hal yang sangat esensial guna penentuan arah
landas pacu.
Rekomendasi ICAO, arah landas pacu sedapat
mungkin harus searah dengan arah angin yang
dominan (pesawat udara dapat mendarat dan lepas
landas paling sedikit 95% dari seluruh komponen
angin yang bertiup)

ANALISA ARAH ANGIN

WINDRODE ANALYSIS
Ketika mengadakan pendaratan dan lepas landas, pesawat
dapat mengadakan manuver sejauh komponen angin samping
(cross wind) tidak berlebihan.
Maksimum cross wind yang diizinkan tergantung kepada ukuran
pesawat, konfigurasi sayap dan kondisi perkerasan landasan.

DATA-DATA ANGIN
Wind data is usually based on the longest
period for which information is available. A
minimum of 10 years' data showing wind
directions, velocity, and frequency of
occurrence is necessary for conclusive
analysis.
If no observations are available for a site,
adjust the nearest recorded observations
for changes that will result from local
topography or other influencing factors.

CROSS WIND
Cross Wind adalah angin yang bertiup tegak lurus
dengan bergeraknya pesawat udara.
Cross Wind yang diijinkan:
a. 10 knot (19 km/jam) untuk bandar udara
dengan panjang landas pacu (ARFL= Aeroplane
Reference Field Lenght) kurang dari 1200 m,
b. 13 knot (24 km/jam) untuk bandara dengan
panjang landas pacu 1200 1500 m,
c. 20 knot (37 km/jam) untuk bandara dengan
panjang landas pacu lebih dari atau sama
dengan 1500 m

CONTOH TYPICAL
WINDROSE
A wind rose graphically depicts wind
velocities, directions, and their
probability of occurrence in a format
resembling a compass.
The radii of the concentric circles arc
scaled to represent wind velocities of
4, 13, 25, 32, and 47 mph.
The radial lines are arranged on the
diagram in a manner similar to a
compass card to show directions
such as north, north northeast,
northeast, cast northeast, and east.
Each direction subtends an angle of
22.5 degrees.
The probabilities of occurrence for
the wind velocities and directions
are recorded in the appropriate
spaces on the diagram.

PROSEDUR PENGOLAHAN DATA

WINDROSE
Melakukan evaluasi terhadap kualitas data dan berkonsultasi
dengan institusi sumber data (di Indonesia dilakukan oleh BMKG Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika) dalam hal tata
cara pencatatan atau pendataannya, untuk mengetahui perilaku
dan karakteristik data yang akan diolah.
Melakukan pemilihan data yang akan dipakai untuk data terpakai
Membagi masing-masing data ke dalam beberapa kecepatan
sehingga menjadi enam kelompok sesuai ketentuan ICAO, yaitu:
Kecepatan kurang dari 4 knot
Kecepatan antara 4 hingga 10 knot
Kecepatan antara 10 hingga 13 knot
Kecepatan antara 13 hingga 20 knot
Kecepatan antara 20 hingga 40 knot, dan
Kecepatan lebih dari 40 knot.

PROSEDUR PENGOLAHAN DATA

WINDROSE
Langkah selanjutnya setelah pembagian data dalam
kelompok kecepatan angin tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:
Membagi masing-masing data dalam setiap kelompok ke
dalam arah angin per 10 derajat untuk mengelompokkan
data terhadap arah angin.
Membuat matrik arah angin terhadap kecepatan angin,
sehingga didapatkan sejumlah data untuk masing-masing
arah dan kelompok kecepatan tertentu.
Membuat windrose type-1, terkait dengan prosentase
jumlah data terhadap arah angin yang dominan
Membuat windrose type-2, terkait dengan prosentase
jumlah data terhadap arah dan kecepatan angin sesuai
matrik

CONTOH ANALISA
WINDROSE
Record 9 percent (the sum of
2 percent calms plus 7
percent winds under 4 mph)
within
the
innermost
concentric circle, the radius of
which represents 4 mph.
Record the percentages 3.3,
1.4, 0.1, 0.0, and 0.0 (shown
for the north direction in
columns (b), (c), (d), (c), and
(f)
on the diagram between the
radial lines showing north and
between the concentric circles
showing wind velocities of 413, 13-25, 25-32, 32-47, and
more
than
47
mph,
respectively.

CONTOH ANALISA
WINDROSE

Use a thin, transparent, rectangular

indicator to analyze a wind rose.
This indicator is constructed to the same
scale as the wind rose on which it is
used.
The width of the indicator is based on the
acceptable crosswind velocity. With an
acceptable crosswind velocity of 13 mph
and a wind rose scale of 0. 1 inch equals
1 mph, the rectangle is 1.3 inches from
its center to its edge and has an overall
width of 2.6 inches.
The rectangle is slightly longer than 6
inches, the diameter of the windrose
diagram.
The long axis (the centerline) of the
rectangle is marked with a fine, opaque
line that shows the direction of a runway.
A small hole at the midpoint of this line is
used for a pivot to rotate the rectangle.

CONTOH ANALISA
WINDROSE

The indicator is securely pivoted at the center of the wind rose

(Figure 11-10). Because the edges of the indicator define the
limits of the acceptable crosswind velocity components, the
spaces and portions of spaces covered by the indicator
represent acceptable surface wind velocities and directions.
Rotate the rectangular indicator about its center and orient it
so that the total percentages (of occurrence for each wind
velocity) is maximized.
Total the percentages under the indicator. This total is the
percentage of time that crosswind velocities will be within the
specified limit for a runway oriented in the direction shown by
the rectangular indicator.

CONTOH ANALISA WINDROSE

MENGHITUNG PERSENTASE YANG TERTUTUP OLEH INDIKATOR
PERSEGI

Determine the percentage coverage totals with the indicator

oriented in several directions. Compare these totals to determine
the best runway orientation, as based solely upon surface wind
data. If the percentage coverage for one runway is inadequate,
make a wind-rose analysis for combinations of runway directions
to determine the most suitable combination that will provide the
necessary coverage.
Either of two procedures may be followed to evaluate the total
percentage covered by the rectangular indicator on a wind rose.
One procedure is to calculate the total of the representative
percentages covered by the indicator. The other is to calculate
the total of the representative percentages not covered by the
indicator and subtract this total from 100. Tables 11-5 and 11-6
show examples of each procedure.

CONTOH ANALISA WINDROSE

MENGHITUNG PERSENTASE YANG TERTUTUP OLEH INDIKATOR
PERSEGI

CONTOH ANALISA WINDROSE

MENGHITUNG PERSENTASE YANG TERTUTUP OLEH INDIKATOR
PERSEGI

RUNWAY LIGHTING
These lights are used to assist pilot
in to identify the runway
GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line
the runway edge
RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of
runway
BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside
taxiways
While runways have YELLOW or
WHITE lights marking their edges

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RUNWAY SIGNS
Various kinds of runway signs
are also used for facilitation
They differ according to their
purpose and action

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TERIMA KASIH

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