1

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
PCCP & Structural Concrete

CONCRETE:
Composition Cement, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates, fine
aggregates, Water and concrete
admixture.
DESIGN MIX OF CONCRETE: (ACI
Standard 211.1 Recommended
Practice for Selecting Proportions
for Normal and Heavyweight
Concrete)
- It is very important in order to have a
correct mixture of cement, C.A., F.A.,
Water & admixtures.

Data needed in the preparation of Design of

Concrete Mix:
Kind of C.A. (Angular or Rounded)
Kind of F.A. (Manufactured or Natural)
Fineness Modulus of F.A.
Specific Gravity of F.A. & C.A.
Moisture Content of F.A. & C.A.
Absorption of F.A. & C.A.
Unit Weight of F.A. & C.A. (loose)
Maximum size of C.A.
Abrassion loss of C.A.
Specific Gravity of Cement
Admixture Brand if any
Water source

CEMENT:
Portland Cement a hydraulic
cement produced by pulverizing
clinker
consisting essentially of
hydraulic calcium silicates, usually
containing one or more of
the forms of calcium sulfates as an
interground addition.

A. CEMENT:
Portland Cement a hydraulic cement
produced by pulverizing clinker consisting
essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates,
usually containing one or more of the
forms of calcium sulfates as an
interground addition.
TEST REQUIRED:
1 - Q, Quality Test for every 2000 bags or
fraction thereof.
**Minimum wt of sample to be submitted is
10 kg. (obtained in accordance with
AASHTO T 127)

CEMENT:
Composition of test:
Requirements
1.Magnesium oxide(MgO), %
6.00 max
2.Sulfur Trioxide(SO3), %
3.00 max
3.Loss on Ignition, %
3.00 max
4.Insoluble residue, %
0.75
max
5. Air content of mortar, %
12.00 max
6. Fineness, Amt. Passing 0.075 sieve,%
7. Autoclave expansion, %
0.80 max
8. Vacat Test: Time on setting, minutes
60
min.
hours
10 max.
9. Comp. str. ave. mortar cubes, MN/sq.m.
3 days
12.40 min
7 days
19.30 min
28 days
27.60 min
10. Specific gravity
3.15 min
11. Normal Consistency
-

Cement :
Type I Portland Cement shall conform to
the requirements of AASHTO M 85 (ASTM C 150).
Type IP Pozzolan Cement shall meet the
requirements of AASHTO M 240 (ASTM C 595).
AASHTO M 85 This specification covers eight (8)
types of portland cement:
1.Type I for use when the special properties
specified for any other type are not required.
2.Type IA air-entraining cement for the same uses
as type I, where air-entrainment is desired.
3.Type II for general use, more especially when
moderate sulfate resistance or moderate heat of
hydration is desired.

4. Type IIA air-entraining cement for the same

uses as type II, where air-entrainment is
desired.
5. Type III for use when high early strength is
desired.
6. Type IIIA air-entraining cement for the same
uses as type III, where air-entrainment is
desired.
7. Type IV for use when low heat of hydration is
desired.
8. Type V for use when high sulfate resistance is
desired.
Portland Cement a hydraulic cement produced by
pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of
hydraulic calcium silicates, usually containing
one or more of the forms of calcium sulfate as

Air-entraining Portland Cement a hydraulic

cement produced by pulverizing clinker
consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium
silicates, usually containing one or more of the
forms of calcium sulfate as an interground
addition, and with which there has been
interground an air-entraining addition.
AASHTO M 240 this specification covers five (5)
classes of blended hydraulic cements for both
general and special applications, using slag or
pozzolan, or both, with portland cement clinker or
slag with lime.
1.Type IP Portland-pozzolan cement for use in
general concrete construction.
2.Type P Portland-bpozzolan cement for use in
concrete construction where high strength at early
ages are not required.

10

3. Type S Slag cement for use in combination

with portland cement in making concrete and
in combination with hydrated lime in making
masonry mortar.
4. Type I(PM) Pozzolan-modified portland cement
for use in general concrete construction.
5. Type I(SM) Slag-modified portland cement for
use in general concrete construction.

11

TESTING ON PORTLAND CEMENT

Physical Analysis
A. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Test result is used in the design of
concrete mixes.
B. FINENESS to determine
the fineness of hydraulic cement
which affects the strength of
concrete.

12

C. NORMAL CONSISTENCY
determines the amount of
water to prepare hydraulic
cement paste.
D. TIME
OF
SETTING

determines the initial and final

time the cement will set to
serve as basis in laying
Portland cement concrete.

13

E. AUTO CLAVE EXPANSION

TEST

soundness
determination
of
Portland
cement. It provides in index of
potential delayed expansion
caused by the hydration of
calcium oxide or magnesium
oxide.
F.
AIR CONTENT The
purpose of this test is to
determine whether or not the
hydraulic cement under tests

14

G. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
BY USING 2 in. CUBE to
determine
the
compressive
strength of cement that will be
used
as
basis
for
the
acceptance and rejection of
material.

15

3.2 Chemical Analysis

A.
LOSS ON IGNITION
(Chemical Analysis of
Hydraulic
Cement)

determines the amount of

moisture in the cement. The
loss is an indication of the
pre-hydration resulting from
absorption
of
moisture
during manufacture.

16

B. INSOLUBLE RESIDUE This

test determines the amount of
inert materials present. If large
amount, it will produce an
inferior quality cement concrete
C.
SULFUR
TRIOXIDE
CONTENT determines the
amount of gypsum cement,
which regulate the setting time
affecting
the
strength
of
concrete.

17

D.
MAGNESIUM
OXIDE
CONTENT This method determines the
soundness of the cement. When present in
large amount will produce an inferior
quality cement.

B. FINE AGGREGATES (AASHTO T 71)

- it shall consist of natural sand, stone
screenings or other inert materials with similar
characteristics, or combinations thereof having
hard, strong and durable particles.
- when subjected to 5 cycles of Sodium
Sulfate test the wt. loss must not exceed 10 mass
%.
TEST REQUIRED:
Grading/Mechanical Sieve Analysis(MSA)
to determine the gradation of aggregates.
- for every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof, 1
G
- for every 1500 cu.m. or fraction
thereof, 1-Q
**Ideal fineness modulus is 2.75%
**Max. size 9.5 mm (3/8)

18

C. COARSE AGGREGATES(AASHTO T 96)

- it shall consist of crushed stone, gravel,
blast furnace slag or other approved inert
materials of similar characteristics, or
combinations thereof, having hard strong, durable
pieces and free from any adherent coatings.
- It shall not contain 1.0 mass % of
materials passing sieve #200.
- Not more than 0.25% of clay lumps
- Not more than 3.50% of soft fragments
- If subjected to 5 cycles of Sodium
Sulfate soundness test wt loss must not be not
more than 12 mass %.
- Percentage of wear is not more than
40% (AASHTO T 96)
- If slag is used the density is not less
than 1,120kg/cum (70lb/cu. ft.)

19

20

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE & COARSE

AGGREGATES

Is primarily to determine the

grading of materials proposed for
use as aggregates. The test results
is used determine compliance of the
particle
size
distribution
with
applicable
specification
requirements
and
to
provide
necessary data for control of
aggregate production plants.

21

QUALITY TEST ON FINE & COARSE

AGGREGATES
1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY - The
value of specific gravity of fine &
coarse aggregates is used in the
design of concrete mix.
2. ABSORPTION
Values/Test
results is also used in the preparation
of design concrete mix. A high value of
absorption may indicate a doubtful
quality of materials.

22

3. UNIT WEIGHT Values are

used in Volumetric Gravimetric
calculations. In Volumetric batching of
Concrete Aggregates. The unit weight
should be known to convert weight into
loose volume.
4. SOUNDNESS TEST BY THE
USE OF SODIUM SULFATE The test
determines the resistance of aggregates
to disintegration. It also furnishes
information in evaluating soundness of
aggregates subject to weathering
actions.

23

5. ABRASION TEST This test

evaluates the structural strength of
coarse aggregates. It gives an indication
of quality as determined by resistance
to impact and wear.
6. MORTAR STRENGTH This test
is determine the compressive strength (
Mortar Strength)
of Fine Aggregates
when mix cement at the age of 7 days,
the mortar strength test on fine
aggregates is considered a decisive test
in evaluating overall quality.

24

D. WATER:
- must be reasonably clean and free
of oil, salt, acid, alkali, grass and other
substances injurious to the finished
product.
TEST REQUIRED: 1-Certificate of Project
engineer
1-Quality Test if source is
questionable

25

For questionable Water Supplies:

- it must pass the criteria for questionable
water supplies (Item 714, Table 714.1, Table
714.2)
- water will be tested in accordance and
shall meet requirements of AASHTO T 26.
***Potable water quality may be used without test.

26

Sampling fresh CONCRETE:

1. Sample concrete from which test specimens
are made shall be the representative of the
entire batch.
2. Elapsed time between obtaining the first and
final portions of the composite sample shall
be as short as possible, but in no instance
shall exceed 15 min.
3. Start tests for slump and air content within 5
min. after obtaining the final portion of the
composite sample.
4. Start molding specimens for strength test
within 15 min. after fabricating the
composite sample.

27

Sampling Procedure:
1. SAMPLING FROM STATIONARY MIXERS,
EXCEPT PAVING MIXERS sample the
concrete at two (2) or more regularly
spaced interval during discharge of
middle portion of the batch, blend, and
composite them into one composite
sample for test purposes within 15 min.
2. SAMPLING FROM PAVING MIXERS
sample the concrete after the contents
of the paving mixers have been
discharge, obtain samples from at least
5 different portions of the pile and then
composite into one sample for test
purposes.

28

3. SAMPLING FROM REVOLVING DRUM

MIXERS OR AGITATORS sample the
concrete into two (2) or more regularly
spaced interval during discharge of middle
portion of the batch, blend, and composite
them into one composite sample for test
purposes within specified time.

29

Item 311 Portland Cement Concrete

Pavement
A. Cement
Quantity: 9.00 bags/cu.m. (40
kg/bag)
Tests: For every 2,000 bags or
fraction thereof :
1 Q, Quality Test
B.Fine Aggregate
Quantity:
1. 0.50 cu.m./cu.m. concrete (if rounded
coarse aggregate is used)
2. 0.54 cu.m./cu.m. concrete (if angular
coarse aggregate is used)

30
Fine aggregates:
Tests: For every 1,500 cu.m. or fraction
thereof:
a.For a source not yet tested, or failed in
previous quality test:
1 Q, Quality Test for: Grading,
Elutriation(Wash), Bulk Specific Gravity,
Absorption, Mortar Strength, Soundness,
Organic Impurities, Unit Weight,% Clay
Lumps and % Shale.
b.For a source previously tested and passed
quality test:
1 Q, Quality Test for: Grading,
Elutriation(Wash), Bulk Specific Gravity,
Absorption, and Mortar Strength.

31

ITEM 311 Portland Cement Concrete

Pavement (PCCP)
Cement Factor = 9.1 bags/cu.m. of
concrete
Slump = 40 mm (1 ) to 75 mm (3)
if not vibrated
= 10 mm (1/2) to 40 mm (1
) if vibrated
Aggregates all washed aggregate
and aggregate produced or handled by
hydraulic methods shall be stockpiled or
binned for draining @ least 12 hours
before being batched.

aggregates it must be mixed within 1

hour or it will be rejected.

32

**When mixed in a central mixing plant,

required mixing time is 50 seconds to 90
seconds.
**Required time to transport concrete after
water is added:
45 minutes if hauled
by non-agitating trucks.
90 minutes if
hauled/transported by agitating
trucks/transit mixer

**Required vibrating time not more

than 15 seconds in one location and spacing
of 60 cm.

33

PREPARATION OF CONCRETE BEAM

SAMPLE (using Tamping Rod)
- dimension of beam 6 x 6 x 21
- fill the beam mold in two(2) equal
layers.
- Tamper each of the layer 63
times; one (1) blow for every 2 square inch.
- At least one(1) set of three(3)
concrete beam samples for every 330 sq.
m. or 75 cu. m. of 230 mm (9) thick
pavement or fraction thereof placed each
day.

34

PREPARATION OF CONCRETE BEAM

SAMPLE (using Conc. Vibrator)
- dimension of beam 6 x 6 x 21
- fill the beam mold with concrete
mix
- vibrate for not more than 15 secs.
at 150 mm (6) interval along the
centerline of the long dimension.
- At least one(1) set of three(3)
concrete beam samples for every 330 sq.
m. or 75 cu. m. of 230 mm (9) thick
pavement or fraction thereof placed each
day.

35

Note:
***Demolding time of Cylindrical & Beam Samples
should be 248 hours after preparation of sample.
***Initial curing time = 248 hours.
**Surface tolerance for PCCP is 12 mm

FLEXURAL STRENGTH FOR 14 DAYS:

not less than 3.80 MPa(550psi) when
tested by Third point method; (AASHTO
T97)
R = PL_ ; if fracture initiates within the
middle
bd2
third.
R = 3PL_; if fracture occurs outside the
2
middle
bd
third.
not less than 4.50 Mpa(650 psi) when
tested by mid-point method; (AASHTO
T177) 2
R = 3Pa_
2bd

36

37

where: P = maximum applied load

L = span length
b = average width of specimen
d = average depth of specimen
a = average distance between
line of fracture and the nearest support
measured on the tension surface of the
beam.
OR COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR 14
DAYS:
not less than 24.1 Mpa (3,500 psi)
(AASHTO T24)

38

FLEXURAL TEST The test is

performed to control or check the
strength
of
concrete
beam
samples for pavement purposes
mostly in concreting of roads
where the principle stress is
bending

Molding Concrete for Flexural Strength

Test Specimens
Tamper/rod
each layer 63
times

21

Concrete Beam
Mold w/
Concrete

Each
layer
approx.
1/2 of
the total
height

39

40

Item 311: Portland Cement

Concrete Pavement
(PCCP)

Test specimens:
As work progresses, at least
one (1) set consisting of three (3)
concrete beam test specimens,
6x6x21 shall be taken from
each 75 cu. m. or fraction thereof
placed each day.

THICKNESS DETERMINATION: Coring

Test
Acceptance by lot basis:
1 lot is 1000 linear meters, when a single
lane is poured.
1 lot is 500 linear meters, when two lanes
are
poured concurrently.
**each lot is divided into five(5) equal
segment
and one(1) core will be taken on each
segment.

41

42

Measuring of Core Sample: 8 points on the side &

one(1) at the center.
***recording of measurements in excess of the
required thickness is limited up to 5mm only.
example:
A

AVE.

REQ
.

Actual 23.7

23.4

23.6

23.5

23.6

23.5

23.4

23.3

23.5

23.0

Corr.

23.4

23.5

23.5

23.5

23.5

23.4

23.3

23.5

23.5

23.48 23.0

43

**cure newly placed concrete for 72

hours by means of:
- covering with mats saturated with
water.
- Thoroughly wetting the pavement
and covering with water proof paper on
its top and sides.
- By ponding, which involves
maintaining a layer of water on the
surface of the pavement.
- Spraying uniformly with white
pigmented curing compound.

44

The depth of the weakened plane

joint should at all times not be less
than 50 mm. while the width
should not be more than 6 mm.
Sawing of joints shall commence
as soon as the concrete has
hardened sufficiently, usually within
24 hours.

45

Transverse Construction Joint:

1. Is constructed when there is an
interruption of more than 30 minutes in
the concreting operation.
2. Cold Joint should not be done
within 1.5 meters of an expansion joint,
contraction joint or plane of weakness.
**dowels used as load transfer device,
generally coated with a thin film of
bitumen.

46

CONCRETE ADMIXTURE:
- are the materials other than
the basic ingredients of concrete, added
before or during the mixture to modify
one or more of the specific properties of
concrete in the fresh or hardened
state.

COMMONLY USED ADMIXTURES:

1. Accelerators to speed up the initial
set of concrete (to increase the rate
development of concrete or shorten the
setting time).
- used when concrete is to be
placed at low temperature or urgent repair
work is required.
- Rate of application: 1 2 % of
mass of cement.
- Effect: 2 % can reduce the
setting time by 1/3, and increase the
flexural strength by 40 to 80% of one day
and up to 12% at 28 days.

47

2. Retarders slow down the setting of

concrete.
- delays the initials setting time up
to 4 hours.
- Useful during hot weather, can
reduce the incidence of thermal cracking.

48

3. Water reducers or Plasticizers

obtain a higher strength by decreasing the
water cement ratio at the same workability
as an ordinary mix.
- same workability even if cement
content is reduced.
- Water reduction varies from 5% to
15%.

49

4. Superplasticizers new type of

water-reducing admixture that are used
to produced flowing concrete.
- used in concrete with a very
heavily reinforced structures.
- Produces concrete of normal
workability but with an extremely high
strength due to very low water cement
ratio.
5. Air-entraining admixture help
incorporate a controlled amount of air.

50

**Preparation of Concrete cylindrical

sample (using tampering rod)
- dimension of mold is 6 x 12
height.
- fill the concrete cylinder with
concrete mix in 3 equal layers tamper
each layer 25 times using tampering rod
(16mm x 600mm (24)).
- at least one(1) set composed of
three(3) concrete cylindrical sample for
each pouring day representing 75 cu.m.
of fraction thereof.

Molding Concrete for Compressive Strength

Test Specimens (using Conc. Vibrator)
Tamper/rod
each layer 25
times
Each
layer
approx.
12
1/3 of
the total
height

24 (600 mm)

5/8 (16 mm)

quarter round tip

TAMPING ROD

Concrete
Cylinder w/
Concrete

51

52

**Preparation of Concrete cylindrical

sample (using concrete vibrator)
- dimension of mold is 6 x 12
height.
- fill the concrete cylinder with
concrete mix in 2 equal layers vibrate
each layer for maximum of 15 seconds.
- at least one(1) set composed of
three(3) concrete cylindrical sample for
each pouring day representing 75 cu.m.
of fraction thereof.

53

COMPRESSION TEST is conducted

to determine the compressive strength of
Cylindrical concrete samples. The result
of this test maybe used as the basis for
quality
control
of
concrete
proportioning, mixing and placing
operations. The result will be the basis of
acceptance of concrete.

54

Note:
***Demolding time of Cylindrical & Beam Samples
should be 248 hours after preparation of sample.
***Initial curing time = 248 hours. Must not be
left exposed for more than hour between stages
of curing or during the curing period.
***Transportation of specimens to laboratory shall
not be done prior to the completion of initial
curing.
- If transported before age of 48 hrs. shall
not be demolded prior to completion of
transportation.
- required standard curing temperature ,
73.43 F (231.7 C).

55

Item 405: Structural Concrete

Test specimens:
As work progresses, at least
one (1) set consisting of three (3)
concrete cylinder test specimens,
6x12 shall be taken from
each 75 cu. m. or fraction thereof
placed each day.

56

CURING OF CONCRETE
CYLINDER:
Stages in curing:
1. Initial Curing in Air: Initial 248h
after molding maintained at Temp.
range of 16 to 27C.
2. Standard Curing: within 30 min.
after removal of molds & completion
of initial curing, store specimens in a
moist condition at a temp. of 23 1.7
C.
Storing
in
a
moist
conditions:
immersion in saturated lime water or
by storage in a moist room or cabinet

57

Specimens shall be kept moist by any

convenient method during the period
between removal from moist storage
and testing.

58

**Determination of Slump:
- to determine the consistency
of concrete mix.
- Dimension of slump cone 6
on top by 8 diameter at the
bottom and 12 height.
- Fill the cone with concrete
mix in three (3) equal layers tamper
each layer 25 times.

59

- Remove the mold immediately

from the concrete by raising
carefully and slowly in a vertical
direction.
- Measure immediately the
slump.
Note:
A well proportion workable mix
will gradually slump to lower
elevations and retain its original
identity while a poor mix will
crumble, segregate and fall
apart.

60

SLUMP TEST:

Ruler

Tamping rod

SLUMP

61

CONSISTENCY OF CONCRETE:
The consistency of the mixture
should be checked frequently by
means of the slump test. An excess of
water in the mixture will cause a
corresponding
loss
of
potential
strength. Concrete shall have a
consistency such that it will be
workable in the required position and
will flow around reinforcing steel.

62

Fineness Modulus
wt. of cummulative mass retained from sieve 9.5
to 100
0.150

PERCENTAGE TABLE OF
CONCRETE AVARAGE STRENGTH
AT 28 DAYS
No. of Percentage
Strength
Days
(%)
MPA
psi
1
15
3.10
450
2
37
7.65
1,110
3
48
9.93
1,441
4
53
10.96
1,591
5
58
12.00
1,742
6
65
13.44
1,951
7
70
14.48
2,102
8
73
15.10
2,192
9
76
15.72
2,282
10
78
16.13
2,341
11
80
16.55
2,402
12
82
16.96
2,462
13
84
17.37
2,521
14
85
17.58
2,552

No. of Percentage
Days
(%)
15
87
16
88
17
89
18
90
19
92
20
94
21
95
22
95.5
23
96
24
97
25
97.5
26
98
27
99
28
100

Strength
MPA
psi
18.00
2,612
18.20
2,642
18.41
2,672
18.62
2,702
19.03
2,762
19.44
2,821
19.65
2,852
19.75
2,866
19.86
2,882
20.06
2,911
20.17
2,927
20.27
2,942
20.48
2,972
20.68
3,001

64

Deficiency in strength of
concrete specimen

% allowed
(Contract)

Less than 5%

100

5% to 9%

80

10% to 14%

70

15% to 19%

60

20% to 24%

50

25% or more

65

Deficiency in average
thickness of core
sample (mm)

% allowed
(Contract)

0 to 5
6 to 10
11 to 15
16 to 20
21 to 25
More than 25

100
95
85
70
50
Remove and
replace or no
payment

66

Concrete mix Design for Item

Data from 405
Quality Test:
Fine Aggregate: Lab. No. ________
Manufactured __
Natural _X_
Finess Modulus: 2.77
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD): 2.49
Moisture Content, %: 2.46
Absorption, %: 0.92
Unit wt., kg/m3 (loose): 1481
Cement (type & brand):
Portland/Union
Specific Gravity: 3.15
Admixture brand: none

67

Concrete mix Design for Item

405
Data from Quality Test:
Coarse Aggregate: Lab. No. ________
Rounded __
Angular _X_
Maximum size: 37.5
Abrasion Loss, %: 18
Bulk Specific Gravity (SSD): 2.82
Moisture Content, %: 1.10
Absorption, %: 0.17
Unit wt., kg/m3 (loose): 1432
Water source:_____________

68

Design specification requirements:

Class of concrete: Item 405 Structural
Compressive str., MPa: 20.67 (3000
psi)
Cement Factor, bags/cu. m.: 9.1 for
40 kg/bag
Slump: 76.2 mm (3)

69

DESIGN MIX PER BAG OF CEMENT:

Abs. Vol. Of Concrete,
m3:
1/C.F. =
=
1/9.1
0.10989
Abs. Vol.
Of 40kg bag
of Cement, m3:
40/
=
(3.15x1000) 0.012698
Abs. Vol. Of H2O, Net Water (kg) from Table
9.1x1000
V
3
m :
Net H2O content/m3 in
kg fr. table V re: 37.5
mm max. size of C.A.

____181____
9.1x1000

=
0.019890

70

Abs. Vol. Of Cement & H2O,

3
m
: Vol. of cement + Abs. Vol. of
Abs.
water 0.012698 +
0.019890

= 0.032588

Abs. Vol. Of F.A & C.A.,

3
m
: Vol. of concrete - Abs. Vol. of cement &
Abs.
H2O

0.109890 0.032588

= 0.077302

71

Corr. of F.A., % of total Agg. by abs.

Vol.:
% sand of total agg. = Fr. Table V
42
For Water-Cement Ratio (W/C):
____181____ = 0.50
Fr. Table V
9.1x 40
Variation fr.
= 0.5
=
- 0.070
standard
0.57
Correction for
W/C Variation fr. Standard x
1%
0.05
- 0.07 x 1% = 0.05
1.40

72

Corr. of F.A., % of total Agg. by abs.

Vol.:
Finess Modulus:
Variation fr.
standard

= 2.77 2.75
= 0.02

Correction for Finess

Modulus
Variation fr. Standard x
%
0.02 x0.1
% = 0.10
0.1

fr. Table V

73

Corr. of F.A., % of total Agg. by abs.

Vol.:
Fine
42.0 From table V
Aggregate
0
Total
- Fr. Table of
Correction
1.30 adjustment
Corr. For W/C + FM
Corr.
%
of
FA
40.7
Abs. Vol. of F.A.,
- 1.4 + 0.1
0
3
m
:
Abs. Vol. of F.A & C.A. x Corrected % of
F.A. 0.077302 x
= 0.031462
40.7
Abs. Vol.100
of C.A., m3:
Abs. Vol. of F.A & C.A. Abs. Vol of
F.A. 0.077302
= 0.045840
0.031462

74

Absolut Sp. Unit Uncor Corr.

e
Grav wt. of r. Wt., Wt.,
Volume,
.
H2O,
kg
kg
m3
kg/m3
Cemen 0.01269 3.15
t
8
F.A.
0.03146 2.49
2
C.A.
0.04584 2.82
0
Water 0.01989 1.00

1000 40.00
1000 78.34
1000 129.6
267.9
7
0
1000 19.89

75

Adjustments
C.A.
:
Absorption, %: 1.10
M.C., %:
0.17

F.A.
2.46
0.92

Corr. Weights base on the actual MC of

C.A. & F.A. in the job site.
1. If MC is greater than the
absorption:
Uncorr. Wt. [1 % free H2O ]
100
+
x
% free H2O = Moisture content Absorption

2. If MC is smaller than the

absorption:
Uncorr. Wt. [1 -% H2O] reqd for Absorp.
]
100
x
% H2O] reqd for Absorp. = Absorp. - M.
C.
Corrected
Weights:
F.A. 78.34 [1 - 2.46 ] = 77.13
0.92
x
100
129.67 [1 - 1.10
]=
0.17
128.46
x
C
H2.A
O = Uncorr. H2O +100
(Uncorr. CA Corr.
CA) + (Uncorr. FA Corr. FA)
.
H2O = 19.89 + (129.67 128.46) +
(78.34 77.13)
=
22.31

76

77

Absolut Sp. Unit Uncor Corr.

e
Grav wt. of r. Wt., Wt.,
Volume,
.
H2O,
kg
kg
m3
kg/m3
Cemen 0.01269 3.15
t
8
F.A.
0.03146 2.49
2
C.A.
0.04584 2.82
0
Water 0.01989 1.00

1000 40.00 40.00

1000 78.34 77.13
1000 129.6 128.4
267.9 267.9
7
6
0
0
1000 19.89 22.31

78
COARSE AGGREGATES(Gravel)
Item 311
Max. Size
A
75 mm (3)
B
63 mm (2.5)
C
63 mm (2.5)
Item 405
A
50 mm (2.0)
B
63 mm (2.5)
C
19 mm ()
P
25 mm (1.0)
SEAL
37.5 mm (1.5)
TEST REQUIRED:
Grading/Mechanical Sieve Analysis(MSA)
to determine the gradation of aggregates.
- for every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof, 1
G
- for every 1500 cu.m. or fraction thereof, 1Q

79

Grading Requirements for C.A. of Item 311

SIEVE No.
(mm)
(inches)
75
3
63
2 1/2
50
2
37.5
1 1/2
25
1
19
3/4
12.5
1/2
9.5
3/8
4.75
4
2.3
8
2
10
1.18
16
0.6
30
0.425
40
0.3
50
0.15
100
0.075
200

A
100
90-100
25-60
0-10
0-5
0-1

ITEM 311
B
100
90-100
35-70
0-15
0-5
0-1

C
100
95-100
35-70
10-30
0-5
0-1

Grading Requirements for Coarse Aggregates for Item 405

SIEVE No.
(mm)
(inches)
75
3
63
2 1/2
50
2
37.5
1 1/2
25
1
19
3/4
12.5
1/2
9.5
3/8
4.75
4
2.3
8
2
10
1.18
16
0.6
30
0.535
40
0.3
50
0.15
100
0.075
200

A
100
95-100
35-70
10-30
0-5

100
35-70
10-30
0-5

ITEM 405
C
100
90-100
40-70
0-15

0-1

0-1

0-1

B
-

100
20-55
0-10
0-1

80

SEAL

100
95-100
25-60
0-10

0-1

Grading Requirements for F.A. of Item 311 & 405

SIEVE No.
(mm)
(inches)
75
3
63
2 1/2
50
2
37.5
1 1/2
25
1
19
3/4
12.5
1/2
9.5
3/8
4.75
4
2.3
8
2
10
1.18
16
0.6
30
0.425
40
0.3
50
0.15
100
0.075
200

FINE AGG

100
95-100
45-80
5-30
0-10
0-3

81

82

Sample of failed MSA for C.A.

84

REQUIRED COMPRESSIVE STR. OF CONC. (28 DAYS)

Minimum
Compressive
Strength of
150x300mm
Class of
Concrete Concrete Cylinder
Specimen at 28
days, MN/sq. m.
(psi)

Uses

20.7 (3000)

All superstructures & heavily

reinforced sub-structures

16.5 (2400)

Footings, pedestals, massive pier

shafts & gravity walls, with none or
only small amount of reinforcement

20.7 (3000)

Thin reinforced sections, railings &

for filler in steel grid floors

37.7 (5000)

Pre-stressed concrete structures &

members

SEAL

20.7 (3000)

Concrete deposited in water

REMOVAL OF FORMS AND FALSEWORK:

85

Forms and falsework should not be removed

until the concrete has attained the
percentage of the specified compressive
strength as shown in the table.
Min. % of
Type of Structure
Min. Time
Design
Strength
Centering under
Girders, Beams,
Frames or Arches

14 days

80%

Floor slabs

14 days

70%

Walls

1 day

70%

Columns

2 days

70%

Sides of beams and all

other vertical surfaces 1 day

70%

86

Falsework of continuous structures

shall not be removed until the first and
second adjoining span on each side
have reached the specified strength.

87

PREPARATION OF QUALITY CONTROL

PROGRAM
QUALITY
CONTROL
PROGRAM The first steps in conducting
quality control activities is the preparation
of the quality control program by the
contractor .He is required to submit it to
the owner or the agency concerned before
the start of the project. The program
should include provisions on how the work
should be inspected & the number &
nature of testing work to be done. The
quality control program will serve as a
guide to personnel supervising the project
to check if the minimum testing
requirements are performed or not.
Preparation of the quality control program

88

AASHTO American Association of State

Highway and Transportation
Officials
ASTM American Society for Testing and
Materials
ACI American Concrete Institute