Introduction
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Metamorphosis of coal
Peat: It is not a grade of coal. It is the first geological form of coal. It contains 90% moisture.
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Grades of coal
1. Anthracite: Highest grade of coal.
It is shiny, hard, dense brittle coal.
Fixed Carbon: 86 98 mass %.
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Grades of coal
2. Bituminous coal: (grayish black)
2nd grade coal and the largest group.
Fixed Carbon: 46 86 mass %.
Volatile matter: 20 40 mass %.
Heating value: 11000 14000 Btu/lbm
Bituminous coal is subdivided into 5 groups:
a. Low volatile. (has higher heating value)
b. Medium volatile.
c. High volatile A.
d. High volatile B.
e. High volatile C. (has lower heating value)
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Grades of coal
3. Sub-bituminous coal: (brownish)
Heating value: 8300 11500 Btu/lbm
Has high moisture content (15 30%)
Lower sulfur content.
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Coal analysis
Two types of analysis:
1. Proximate 2. Ultimate
Both give gravimetric fraction of components in coal.
Results of both types can be reported in many ways.
Moisture and ash contents can vary too muchSO
It is common practice to report coal analysis on
a. Moisture free basis
b. Dry ash (mineral-matter) free basis.
c. as mined basis. (moisture and ash are accounted for)
d. as received basis. (moisture and ash are accounted for)
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LHV HHV mw h fg
Mw
LHV HHV
h fg
M H2
LHV HHV 9mH 2 h fg
O
HHV 14, 600C 62, 000 H 4050 S
8
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Example
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80.7
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Coal firing
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Mechanical stokers
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Spreader stoker
It is the most widely used among the mechanical
stokers and cover a big range of capacity (9.5 50
kg/s).
It can burn a wide variety of fuels, ranging from high
grade coal such as bituminous to lignite. Woodwaste,
pulpwood and bark.
Mechanism: Hopper gives fuel to the individual feederdistributor units, which have curved blades.
The coal is fed as a projectile on to a moving or
stationary grate.
Forced daft fans are always used to feed air into the
furnace in two ways. Undergrate air & overfire air.
Removal of ash is a major problem in case of stationary
grate.
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Spreader stoker
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Underfed stoker
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Crushers
Ring crusher
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Bradford breaker
It is used for large capacities, mainly at mine
mouth, but may also be used at plant site.
Foreign matter is easily rejected.
Crushing force is limited.
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Roll crushers
Not satisfactory for coal grinding.
Normally used for limestone breaking.
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Pulverizers
Stages of pulverization process:
1. Drying.
2. Pulverization.
3. Transportation to the burner.
The first two are accomplished by a feeding
system which controls the amount of fuel-feed
and air rates to meet the steam generators
demand.
The feeding system supplies dried coal to the
pulverizer, which is then carried with the air to
the burner.
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Pulverizers
Drying:
Dryers are the important integral part of the
pulverizers.
Air from the air-preheater is fed to the dryer
(pulverizer) at ~650oF.
Pulverizer:
Mechanism of grinding: Impact + crushing + attrition
1. Low speed (<75 rpm): the ball tube mill.
2. Medium speed (75 225 rpm): i) ball & race , ii) roll
& race.
3. High speed (>225 rpm): Impact/hammermill, attrition
mill.
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Hammer beaters
These are mostly used with low rank coals
with high moisture content.
Flue gas is used for drying.
Classifiers:
After exit from the pulverizer the fine coal
enters a cyclone with internal vanes.
The heavier coal particles are separated
and fed back to the pulverizer.
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Bin system
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Cyclone furnaces
What if you have to burn poor grade coal,
containing 6 25% ash content, up to 15%
volatile matter and high moisture content.
Cyclone furnace removes the ash as it forms.
But high sulfur and iron oxides are to be avoided.
These form iron and iron sulfide in the slag,
which easily solidify.
60% ash is removed as molten slag.
40% ash goes with the flue gasses (it was 80% in
case of pulverized coal firing).
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Cyclone furnaces
Advantages:
1. Reduces erosion and fouling of the steam
generator surfaces.
2. No pulverization is required, crushing is sufficient.
3. Also suitable for other fossil fuels (oil and gas).
Disadvantages:
1. Formation of NOx.
2. Higher forced draft pressures (high power
requirements).
3. Maintenance of the burner (erosion resistant
materials are used as burner liners, e.g. tungsten
carbide).
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Weight drag
V f2
g
V s
CD AC f
gc
2 gc
Total pressure drop P is:
P Pw Ps Pf
g
P Ps H (1 ) s
gc
1 Ho
1 o H
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1
CaCO3 +SO 2 + O 2 CaSO 4 +CO 2
2
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Liquid fuels
Liquid fossil fuels extracted as crude oil.
Emulsion firing of liquid fuels:
Emulsion: Suspension of finely divided fluid in an
another.
e.g. water in heavy oil.
It improves atomization.
Reduces soot and prevents fouling.
Reduces excess air requirements and improves
combustion efficiency.
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Coal gasification
1. Town gas: The volatile portion of the coal is
heated and separated to be used as fuel gas.
It is a by-product of the coke making industry.
Coal is converted to coke by destructive
distillation (pyrolysis) to be used for the
smelting of iron.
Town gas is also known as coke-oven gas.
Its heating value is: 550 600 Btu/scf.
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Coal gasification
2. Producer gas: is obtained by partial combustion
of the coal, coke or wood in the presence of steam.
Its heating values are low, 100 180 Btu/scf.
Underground coal gasification
Low grade, un-extractable coal seams are burned
underground with insufficient air, only enough to
drive off volatile matter, any hydrogen and
produce CO.
This method allows use of thin-seam low grade
coal deposits which cannot otherwise be recovered
economically.
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i.
CO+H 2 O CO 2 +H 2
ii.
iii.
CO+3H 2 CH 4 +H 2 O
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Coal liquefaction
H2 is generated just as in the coal gasification.
This H2 is added to carbon to form hydrocarbons.
nC+(1+n)H 2 C n H 2n+2
Oil Shale: A fine-grained rock containing organic
matter called kerogen. It can be heated in retorts
(distillation vessels) to form synthetic crude oil
called syncrude or shale oil.
Tar sands: It is sand containing viscous bitumen.
Biomass. Study 4 12.
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H R Q H P Wsf
C 2 H 6 +3.5O 2 2CO 2 3H 2 O
2C+3H 2 C 2 H 6 1211.38Btu/lb m
C+O 2 CO 2 +3846.7Btu/lb m
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Example 4 - 2
Find the heat released when:
1 lbm of ethane is burned in a furnace at
25oC with 20% less oxygen.
The products are at 1500K.
All hydrogen is oxidized.
5% heat is lost to the environment.
Pressure is not known, but it must be 1atm
for the evaluation of the reaction.
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U R Q U P Wnf
H U PV U nRoT
(nMh
R
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Heating values
Heating values are measured and tabulated by keeping
the reactants and the products at a standard state
throughout the reaction.
HV [ (nMh f ) (nMh f )]T 1
P
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Combustion temperatures
Some portion of heat of combustion increases
the enthalpy or internal energy of the gases
(hence the temperature).
Heat of reaction is calculated by using the
enthalpy of formation (for fuels whose exact
chemistry is well known) and by using heating
values for any fuel (blends or pure-substances).
The enthalpy of products is used to find out the
products temperature by trial & error.
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( F / A) S
1; stochiometric
1; fuel lean
1; fuel rich
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Problems
Practice 1,2,3,4,5,8,10,16,23
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Questions
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