Learning Objectives
1. Describe how organizations
Learning Objectives
4. Explain why organizations
Learning Objectives
6. Describe how prototypes are used
Introduction
Ann Christy was elated that the new
Introduction
How do companies go about developing
Introduction
Should SM just make the needed
Introduction
This subject matter discusses three ways
Learning Objective 1
Describe how
organizations purchase
application software,
vendor services, and
hardware.
Purchase Software
Canned software is written by software
Purchase Software,
continued
Purchasing Software
and The SDLC
Companies that buy rather than
Will package
meet needs?
Yes
Send RFP for
Yes
software
and
hardware
Evaluate
proposal
No
No
Can package
be modified?
Develop
software
internally
Yes
Send RFP for
hardware,
if necessary
Select best
combination
Learning Objective 2
Explain how information
system departments
develop custom
software.
Development by In-House
IS Department
Most often, organizations develop
Learning Objective 3
Explain how end users
develop, use, and control
computer-based
information systems.
End-User-Developed
Software
End-User-Developed
Software
Learning Objective 4
Explain why organizations
outsource their
information systems, and
evaluate the benefits and
risks of this strategy.
outsourcing agreement,
an organization
outsources a particular
service, a segment of its
business, a particular
function, or PC support.
Risks of Outsourcing
Inflexibility
Loss of control of system and/or data
Reduced competitive advantage
Locked-in system
Unfulfilled goals
Possibility of poor service
Learning Objective 5
Explain the principles and
challenges of business
process reengineering.
Business Processes
Reengineering
(BPR)?
It is the thorough analysis and complete
redesign of business process and
information systems to achieve
performance improvements.
It is a process that challenges traditional
organizational values and cultures
associated with underperformance.
Business Processes
Reengineering
BPR reduces a company to its
Principles of
Reengineering
What are the seven principles
of business processing
reengineering?
1. Organize around outcomes,
not tasks.
2. Require those who use the
output to perform the
process.
3. Require those who produce
information to process it.
Principles of
Reengineering
4. Centralize and disperse data.
5. Integrate parallel activities
6. Empower workers, use built-
Challenges Faced by
Reengineering Efforts
What are some of the obstacles to
reengineering efforts?
Tradition
Resistance
Time requirements
Risk
Controls
Learning Objective 6
Describe how prototypes are
used to develop an AIS, and
discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of doing so.
Prototyping
What is prototyping?
an approach to systems design in which a
Prototyping
What four steps are involved in
developing
a prototype?
1. Identify basic systems requirements.
2. Develop an initial prototype that meets
the agreed-on requirements.
3. Users identify changes, developers
make changes, and the system is
turned over to the user.
4. Use the system approved by the users.
Advantages of Prototyping
Better definition of user needs
Higher user involvement and satisfaction
Faster development time
Fewer errors
More opportunity for changes
Less costly
Disadvantages of Prototyping
Significant user time
Less efficient use of system resources
Incomplete systems development
Inadequately tested and
documented systems
Negative behavioral reactions
Unending development
Learning Objective 7
Explain what computeraided software engineering
is and how it is used in
systems development.
Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE)
CASE is an integrated package of computer-
Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE)
CASE tools do not replace skilled
Conclusion
No matter which approach she
Therefore
Development Standards in AIS depends solely
End