Anda di halaman 1dari 154

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

STUDY OF DIFFERENT TYPES


OF D.C MOTORS

Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
YOKE
BRUSH
AXIS

.
.

+
+

+
+

BRUSH
FIELD
POLES
MAIN FIELD AXIS

FIELD
WINDING

.
.

+
+

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS


LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

ARMATURE
ARMATURE
CONDUCTORS

SLIDE

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES

( GENERATOR )
IC
AN
CH
ME
I
AL

A
+

UT
NP

Tm

Te

B
_

ELECTRICAL
LOAD

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS


LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC
SUPPLY

Te

LO
L
CA
NI
EC

B
_

HA

AD

( MOTOR )

A
+

DC MACHINES

TL

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS


LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
Electrical machines can be classified
mainly into DC Machines and AC
Machines. Slide no 1 shows the view
of a dc machine. For simplicity , only
main component parts have been
shown.

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS


LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The field windings are shown as
excited

from

external

source.The

polarity of electro-magnetic field will


depend upon the direction of field
current as shown in the fig. of slide
no.1 .
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS
LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The armature carries conductors in
side the slots.Two brushes are placed
at the right angle to the main field axis.
The brushes are stationary whereas
armature is free to rotate.

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS


LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
When the armature is rotated in the
magnetic field, an e.m.f will be induced
in
the
armature
conductors.The
direction of the induced e.m.f can be
found by applying Flemings Right
Hand Rule.
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS
LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The direction of induced e.m.f will
depend upon the direction of rotation
of armature , if polarity of field poles to
be kept unchanged.When load is
connected
across
the
armature
terminals , the current will flow through
the armature circuit.
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS
LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The direction of current will be same as
that of induced e.m.f. The armature will
now be considered as electro-magnet
and its polarity is shown in the fig. of
slide no. 2
.The electro-magnetic
torque Te will be developed in the anticlock wise direction as shown in the
fig.of slide no. 1 and 2.
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS
LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

10

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The magnitude of Te will depend on the
strength of the field poles and armature
field which further depends upon the
currents flowing through the respective
windings. As the external load on the
generator is increased, the magnitude
of Te increases.
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS
LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

11

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
As Te acts in the opposite direction to
the applied mechanical torque, more
torque will be required through the
prime mover to maintain the speed of
armature .

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS


LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

12

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The direction of currents in the upper
conductors

in

the

armature

are

indicated by dots and conductors in


lower half of armature are indicated by
cross .

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS


LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

13

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The brush B will collect dot currents
and brush A will collect cross currents
as the armature continues to rotate in
clockwise direction. In the out put
circuit, across terminals A and B,
current will flow in one direction.

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS


LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

14

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The dc machine shown in fig. of slide
no. 2 is working as generator.The same
machine will work as motor , if the
armature

is

provided

with

electric

supply as shown in fig. of slide no. 3 .

APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS


LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

15

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The armature is connected across a
supply voltage V and the field
windings are excited from the same
supply or
from any external dc
source.The magnetic polarities due to
the current in armature winding will be
as shown in fig. of slide no. 3 .
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS
LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

16

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
The electro-magnetic torque Te will be
developed
in
the
anti-clockwise
direction as opposite poles of armature
field and main field will attract each
other. The armature will rotate in anticlockwise direction due to Te .
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS
LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

17

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
To reverse the direction of rotation of
armature, either the direction of current
in the field winding or armature
winding will have to be reversed.If the
direction of currents in both the
windings are reversed, direction of
rotation of armature will be
unchanged.
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS
LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

18

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES
As the mechanical load on the
armature i.e. rotor shaft represented by
load torque TL is increased, more and
more electro-magnetic torque will be
developed by the armature to balance
the mechanical torque requirements for
which the armature will draw more
current from the supply mains.
APPLICATION CONCEPT OF ALIGNMENT OF TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS
LECTURE 5 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

19

ELECTRICAL
MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

B
Q

A A
P
B

LOAD
Course Code_52

0o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

20

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

30o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

21

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

B
+

A
P
_

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

60o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

22

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Q A

EXIT

P
_

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

90o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

23

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

BA

P
_

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

120o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

24

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

A
+

BA

P
_

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

150o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

25

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

A
+

B A
P
A

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

180o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

26

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

P
_

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

210o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

27

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

B
A
+

B
P
_

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

240o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

28

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Q B

EXIT

P
_

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

270o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

29

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

AA

P
_

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

300o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

30

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

B
+

A A

P
_

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

330o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

31

MAGNETIC
FIELD MACHINES-I
ELECTRICAL
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

B
Q

A A
P
B

e
LOAD
Course Code_52

360o
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

32

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

INTODUCTION

A DC machine is an electro-mechanical
energy conversion device. It can convert
Mechanical power into Electrical Power.
When output electrical power is DC , it is
called DC Generator. When it converts
DC electrical power into mechanical
power , it is known as DC Motor.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

33

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

1. BODY OR MAGNETIC FRAME OR YOKE


2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES
3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS
4. ARMATURE CORE
5. ARMATURE WINDING
6. COMMUTATOR

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

34

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES

7. BRUSHES
8. END HOUSINGS
9. BEARINGS
10. SHAFT

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

35

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


Bearing
Pulley

Brush

Body / Yoke
End Housing
Shaft

Armature

Commutator

Field Core

Brush
holder

Field Winding
Click here to see photograph
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

36

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


ARMATURE

YOKE

+
SHAFT

FIELD POLE
& COIL

BRUSH

COMMUTATOR

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

37

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


1. MAGNETIC FRAME or YOKE :

The outer cylindrical


frame to which
main
poles and inter poles are
fixed and by means of
the machine is fixed to
the foundation is called
YOKE.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

38

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


1. MAGNETIC FRAME or YOKE :

It serves two purposes:


a) It provides
mechanical protection
to the inner parts of the
machines.

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

39

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


1. MAGNETIC FRAME or YOKE :

b) It provides a low
reluctance path for the
magnetic flux.
The yoke is made of
cast iron for smaller
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

40

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


1. MAGNETIC FRAME or YOKE :

machines and cast steel


or
steel

fabricated
for

rolled
larger

machines.

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

41

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES :

The pole core and pole


shoes are fixed to the
yoke by bolts. They
serves the following
purpose :
a) They support
the field or exciting
coils.

POLE CORE

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

42

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES :

b) They distribute the


magnetic flux on
the
armature
periphery
more uniformly.

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

43

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES :

c) The pole shoes have


larger Xsection, so,
the reluctance of the
magnetic
path
is
reduced. The pole core
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

44

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


2. POLE CORE AND POLE SHOES :

and pole shoes are


made of
laminated
steel assembled by
riveting together under
hydraulic pressure.

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

45

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS :

Field coils or exciting


coils
are
used
to
magnetise the pole core.
Enameled copper wire is
used for the construction
of these coils.When direct

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

46

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


3. FIELD or EXCITING COILS :

current is passed through


these coils/ winding, it
sets up the magnetic field
which magnetise the pole
core to the reqd. flux.

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

47

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


4. ARMATURE CORE:

Armature is a rotating part of the DC


machine, reversal of flux takes place,
so hysteresis losses are produced.
To minimise this loss, silicon steel is
used for the construction.

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

48

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


4. ARMATURE CORE:

The rotating armature cuts the main


magnetic field , therefore an e.m.f is
induced in the armature core.This e.m.f
circulates eddy currents in the core
which results in eddy current loss in it.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

49

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


4. ARMATURE CORE:

The armature core is laminated to reduce


the eddy current loss.
Armature core serves the following
purposes:
a) It houses the conductors in the slots.
b) It provides an easy path for magnetic
flux
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

50

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


5. ARMATURE WINDING ;

The
no.
of
conductors
in
form
of
coils
placed in the slots
of the armature
and suitably inter
connected
are
called winding .

ARMATURE WINDING

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

51

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


5. ARMATURE WINDING ;

This
is
the
armature winding
where conversion
of power takes
place i.e. in case
of generator ,
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

52

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


5. ARMATURE WINDING ;

mechanical power
is converted into
electrical power
and in case of a
motor, electrical

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

53

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


5. ARMATURE WINDING ;

power
is
converted
into
mechanical
power.

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

54

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


5. ARMATURE WINDING ;

Depending upon the types of inter


connection. of coils , the winding can
be classified into two types;
i) Lap Winding;
The
conductors/coils
are
connected in such a way that no of
parallel paths are equal to no. of poles.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

55

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


5. ARMATURE WINDING ;

If machine has P no. of poles and Z


no. of conductors, then there will be
P no. of parallel paths.And each path
will have Z/P no of conductors in
series. Also the no. of brushes are
equal to no. of parallel paths.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

56

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


5. ARMATURE WINDING ;

Out of which half of the brushes will be


positive and remaining will be
negative.
ii) Wave Winding;
The conductors are so connected
that they are divided into two parallel
paths only , irrespective of the no. of
poles. If machines has Z no. of
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

57

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


5. ARMATURE WINDING ;

conductors, there will be only two


parallel paths and each will be having
Z/2 no. of conductors connected in
series with only two brushes.
Click here to study detailed contents of
winding
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

58

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


6. COMMUTATOR

It is the most
important part of
a DC machine and
serves
the
following purpose
:- i) It connects
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

59

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


6. COMMUTATOR

the
rotating
armature
conductors to the
stationary external
circuit through the
brushes.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

60

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


6. COMMUTATOR

ii)
It converts
altering
current
induced
in
the
armature
conductors
into
unidirectional ..

COMMUTATOR

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

61

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


6. COMMUTATOR

current
in
the
external
load
circuit
in
generating action
and it converts
alternating torque
into unidirectional

COMMUTATOR

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

62

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


6. COMMUTATOR
MICA INSULATION

COPPER SEGMENT
RISER
END RING
ADJUSTING NUT

SHAFT

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

METAL SLEEVE

SLIDE

63

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


6. COMMUTATOR

torque produced in the armature in


motoring action.
The commutator is of cylindrical
shape and is made of wedge shaped
hard drawn copper segments.The
segments are insulated from each .
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

64

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


6. COMMUTATOR

other by a thin sheet of mica.The


segments are held together by means
of two V-shaped rings that fit into the
V-grooves cut into the segments.
Each armature coil is connected to
the commutator segment through
riser.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

65

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


7. BRUSHES

Brushes are made of high grade


carbon.They form the connecting link
between armature winding and the
external circuit. The brushes are held in
particular
position
around
the
commutator by brush holders.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

66

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


8. END HOUSINGS

They are attached


to the ends of
main frame and
support bearing .
The front housing
supports ..

END HOUSING

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

67

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


8. END HOUSINGS

the bearing and


the
brush
assembly whereas
rear
housing
supports
the
bearing only.

END HOUSING

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

68

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


9. BEARINGS

The function of the bearing is to reduce


friction between the rotating and
stationary parts of the machines.These
are fitted in the end housings.
Generally, high carbon steel is used for
the construction of the bearings.
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

69

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


10. SHAFT

The function of
shaft is to transfer
mechanical power
to the machine or
from the machine .
SHAFT

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

70

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


10. SHAFT

Shaft is made of
mild steel with
maximum
breaking strength.
All the rotating
parts like

SHAFT

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

71

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT
OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
DC MACHINES

MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES


10. SHAFT

armature
core,
commutator,
cooling fan etc.
are keyed to the
shaft.
SHAFT

See Also
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
LECTURE 7 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

72

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )

Depending upon the type if excitation to


the field winding , The dc machine can
be classified into three categories viz.
Machines with permanent field,

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )


LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

73

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )

separately excited and self excited type


dc machines.
Dc motors with
permanent
magnetic
field,
are
manufactured
for
small
rating
applications such as toys, cassette
tape recorders
etc.large rating dc
motors
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

74

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )

are constructed with electro-magnetic


field i.e field winding is placed on the
field core and this winding is supplied
with dc current called excitation.
Depending
upon
the
type
of
connections to the field winding for .
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

75

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )

excitation , the dc motors can be


classified into two categories ;
1) Separately excited dc motors
2) Self excited dc motors.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )


LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

76

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTORS

+
F

Rf

FF
M

If

Ia
E

Supply

Ra

VDC _

AA

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )


LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

_
SLIDE

77

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTORS

The field winding is excited from a


supply which is not connected to the
armature winding. It may be noted
that current flowing through the field
winding is independent of load and
is equal to V / Rf , where Rf is the.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

78

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTORS

field

circuit resistance.

The flux

produced is proportional to the field


current i.e. If

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )


LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

79

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SHUNT MOTORS )

+
F

Ia

If
A

M
FF

IL

E
Ra

V
SUPPLY

AA

_
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

80

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SHUNT MOTORS )

In this type of excitation , armature and


field windings are connected across a
constant source of supply. The field
current If is drawn from the same
source as that of armature current. As
shown in fig.
See Fig.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

81

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SERIES MOTORS )


Y

YY

Ia

+
A
M
AA_

ISE

+
IL

E
Ra

SUPPLY

_
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

82

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SERIES MOTORS )

The field winding is connected in


series with the armature so that I f = Ia =
IL . Therefore field winding is made up
of thick winding wire of less no. of
turns as compared to that of shunt field
winding so that armature current can ...
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

83

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SERIES MOTORS )

flow through it without overheating. In


case of dc series machine , If Ia ..
The
e.m.f.

relationship
and

between

terminal

voltage

induced
is

as

follows ; ..
See Fig.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

84

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC SERIES MOTORS )

V = E + Ia Ra + Ia Rse
or

E = V - Ia ( Ra + Rse )

and

Ia = Ise = IL

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )


LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

85

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

ISh
Z

Ia

Rsh
ZZ

YY

M
AA

ISE
E
Ra

IL
SUPPLY

_
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

86

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

There are two field windings , namely a


shunt field winding and a series field
winding. The shunt field winding is
connected in parallel with the armature
and series field winding is connected
in series with the combination .
See Fig.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

87

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

Series field winding will carry a large


armature current Ia or IL and therefore it
is made of wire of large cross section
and has a few turns only. The
resistance of series field winding is
very small.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

88

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

The shunt field winding is made up of


wires of small cross section and has
high resistance. Since the resistance of
shunt field winding is high , the current
flowing through it is very small as
compared to that of series field
winding
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

89

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

or armature current Ia . The main


magnetic field flux is produced by the
shunt field current / winding but it is
modified by the field of series winding.
A
compound
machine
therefore
combines the best features of
dc
shunt machines and dc series
machines.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

90

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

Depending up on the connections of


shunt field winding in the combination
of armature and series field winding,
dc compound generators can be
named as
i) Short shunt compound generators.
ii) Long shunt compound generators.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

91

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SHORT SHUNT TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

ISh
Z

Ia

Rsh
ZZ

YY

M
AA

ISE
E
Ra

IL
SUPPLY

_
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

92

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SHORT SHUNT TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

i) SHORT SHUNT DC COMPOUND MOTORS


In this case the shunt field winding is
connected across the armature winding
only as shown in the fig of slide no.
Ise = IL = Ia + Ish
V = E + Ia Ra+ Ise Rse
= E + Ia Ra+ ( Ia + Ish ) Rse
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

93

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

LONG SHUNT TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )


Y

YY

Ia

M
AA

ISE
E
Ra

IL

Rsh

SUPPLY

ISh
ZZ

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )


LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

_
SLIDE

94

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

LONG SHUNT TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

ii) LONG SHUNT DC COMPOUND MOTORS


In this case the shunt field winding is
connected across the combination of
armature and series field winding as
shown in the fig.
Ise = Ia and IL= Ia + Ish
V = E + Ia Ra+ Ise Rse
= Ish Rsh
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

95

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

SELF EXCITED DC MOTORS ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

Depending upon the direction of flow of


current through series field, we can
classify dc compound motors into two
categories namely ;
I) Cumulative compound dc motors
II) differential compound dc motors

DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )


LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

96

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CUMULATIVE TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

ISh
Z

Ia

Rsh
ZZ

YY

M
AA

ISE
E
Ra

IL
SUPPLY

_
= sh + se
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

97

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CUMULATIVE TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

The direction of current in the series


field winding is such that magnetic field
produced by it is in the direction to that
of shunt field. Total magnitude of the
field is the sum of shunt field and series
field so that = sh + se. .
See Fig.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

98

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

DIFFERENTIAL TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

ISh
Z

Rsh
ZZ

Ia

IL

ISE
M

AA

YY

E
Ra

SUPPLY

_
= sh - se
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE

99

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

DIFFERENTIAL TYPE ( DC COMPOUND MOTORS )

The direction of current in the series


field winding is such that magnetic field
produced by it is in the opposite
direction to that of shunt field. Total
magnitude of the field is the difference
of shunt field and series field so that
= sh - se.
See Fig.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXCITATIONS ( DC MOTORS )
LECTURE 9 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 100

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR

The

expression

for

back

e.m.f.

developed in the armature of a dc motor


is given as follows :
E=

PZN
60 A

E = V - I a Ra
FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR
LECTURE 10 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

..(i)
..(ii)

SLIDE 101

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR

Comparing expressions (i) and (ii)

OR

PZN =
60 A

V - I a Ra

V - Ia R a

KN

N =

V - Ia R a
K

FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR


LECTURE 10 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 102

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR

Where K is the constant of


proportionality and equal to PZ / 60 A
Now in the above expression for speed,
the speed can be varied by varying the
applied voltage V , field flux and
resistance of the armature .

FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR


LECTURE 10 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 103

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR

It is clear that speed is directly


proportional to the supply voltage V. So
the speed increases with increase in
voltage V and vice versa.
The speed is inversely proportional to
the field flux . So speed decreases as
the Flux increases and vice versa.
FACTORS DETERMINING THE SPEED OF DC MOTOR
LECTURE 10 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 104

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS

The important characteristics of dc


motors are :
1) Speed - armature current ( Load )
characteristics
2) Torque - armature current ( Load )
characteristics
3) Speed - Torque characteristics
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 105

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS

It is very much important to know the


characteristics

mentioned

above

for

different types of dc motors because it


enables the selection of a specific type
of dc motor for specific purpose.

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 106

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

+
F

Ia

If
A

M
FF

IL

E
Ra

V
SUPPLY

AA

_
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 107

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

FULL LOAD

Ia ( Amps)
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 108

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

1. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteris

For a dc motor , we know that ;


N =

V - I a Ra
K

FULL
LOAD
0

Ia ( Amps)

A dc shunt motor is connected across


the mains having supply voltage V .

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 109

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

Speed - Armature current (Load ) charact

This supply voltage is assumed to be


constant.The field winding is connected
across the armature as shown in Fig.
The magnetic flux produced by field
current If will be constant as V remains
constant.
See Fig.
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 110

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

1. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteris

But in actual practice, the air gap flux is


slightly reduced due to the effect of
armature reaction. From the expression
for the speed mentioned earlier, it is
evident that as the armature current I a ...

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 111

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

1. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteris

increases , speed will decrease by a

small amount due to an increase in Ia Ra


drop is very small as compared to V .
The

speed

verses

armature

current

characteristics is shown in Fig.


See Fig.
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 112

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

1. Speed - Armature current (Load ) characteris

The shunt motor being thus more or less


a constant speed motor , can be used in
the applications such as driving of line
shafts, lathes conveyors etc.

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 113

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

2. Torque - Armature current (Load ) characteris

Ia

( Amps)

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 114

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS

2. Torque - Armature current (Load ) characteris

The equation for torque can be written as


follows ;

T = k t Ia

If flux is taken as constant, the torque


T becomes directly proportional to
armature current (Load current) Ia . It is a
straight line passing through the origin.
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 115

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS


3. Speed - Torque characteristics

T ( N-m)
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 116

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT MOTORS


3. Speed - Torque characteristics

The relation between T and Ia and N


and Ia are as under ;
T = k t Ia
N =

V - I a Ra

K
And The relationship between speed and
torque can be drawn as shown in Fig .
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 117

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


Y

YY

Ia

+
A
M
AA_

ISE

+
IL

E
Ra

SUPPLY

_
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 118

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

Ia ( Amps)

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 119

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

From the expression ; N =

V - I a Ra

K
It is seen that the speed N is inversely
proportional to flux
For a dc series motor ,magnetic flux is
proportional to Ia.
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 120

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

Thus , if V is constant, N is inversely


proportional to Ia. The N verses Ia
characteristics is therefore a rectangular
hyperbola as shown in Fig . It is seen
from the characteristics that .
See Fig.
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 121

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

the speed decreases as the load on the


motor increases. At a very low load , the
speed is dangerously high . Thus if a dc
series motor is allowed to run on very
light load or at No- Load , its speed will
become much higher than its ..
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 122

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

normal speed which may cause damage


to the motor. For this reason , dc series
motors are never started on No- Load
and are not used in the applications
where there is a chance of Load being
completely removed , when the motor ...
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 123

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

remains connected to the supply. The


load on the dc series motor is connected
through the gears and not through the
belt pulley arrangement.This is because,
in case of failure of belt , the load will be
removed from the motor and thereby the
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 124

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

motor will attain a dangerously high


speed . In case of load connected
through the gears, however in the event
of an accidental release of load, gears
will provide some load on account of the
frictional resistance of the gear teeth.
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 125

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Torque - Load characteristics
SATURATION OF
SERIES FIELD CORE

Ia

( Amps)

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 126

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Torque - Load characteristics

The equation for the torque for dc motor


is given by ; T = kt Ia
The magnetic flux for a dc series motor
is proportional to armature current Ia.
Thus the torque T = kt Ia Ia.
Or

T Ia2
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 127

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Torque - Load characteristics

The relationship between torque and


armature current , is therefore of the
form of a parabola . With increase in I a ,
the field flux increases linearly but due
to saturation of the core, beyond a
certain magnitude of Ia the increase in
flux is
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 128

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Torque - Load characteristics

negligible.. Thus T is proportional to the


square of Ia up to the saturation point
beyond which T varies linearly with Ia.
From the torque load characteristics , it
can be observed that a dc series motor ..
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 129

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Torque - Load characteristics

started on-load , develops a very high


starting torque.
Hence dc series motors are used in
applications where high starting torque
is required such as in electric trains ,
hoists, trolleys etc.
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 130

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Torque - Speed characteristics

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 131

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Torque - Speed characteristics

From the characteristics shown in slide


no. , it can be seen that for low speeds ,
the torque is high and for high speeds
the torque is very small. This is why dc
series motor is widely used in the ..

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 132

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTORS


1. Torque - Speed characteristics

applications where motor is to be started


on bulk loads such as electric locomotive.

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 133

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

EXIT

GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS

ISh
Z

Ia

Rsh
ZZ

YY

M
AA

ISE
E
Ra

IL
SUPPLY

_
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 134

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics
DIFFERENTIAL
COMPOUND

SHUNT
CUMULATIVE
COMPOUND

Ia

( Amps)

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 135

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

In cumulative compound motors , series


field winding is connected in such a way
that magnetic flux produced by it helps
the flux produced by shunt field winding.
Series field is directly proportional to the
load current , .. . .
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 136

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

therefore total flux increases with


increase in load current / armature
current due to the series field in addition
to the voltage drop in the armature
winding.The speed of dc motor is
inversely proportional to the . .. . ..
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 137

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS


1. Speed - Load characteristics

total main flux . Therefore speed drops


more sharply as compared to dc shunt
motor.Refer Fig.

See Fig.
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 138

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS


2. Torque - Load characteristics

T
CUMULATIVE
COMPOUND

SHUNT
DIFFERENTIAL
COMPOUND

Ia

( Amps)

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 139

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS


2. Torque - Load characteristics

The torque developed by a cumulative


compound motor increases with sudden
increase in load and at no-load , it has a
definite speed. Cumulative compound
motors are therefore, suitable where
there is sudden application . . . . . . .
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 140

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS


2. Torque - Load characteristics

of heavy loads like sheers, punches,


rolling mills etc. The speed of differential
compound motors remains more or less
constant. With increase in load but its
torque decreases with load. Since the dc
shunt motor develops a good torque and
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 141

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS


2. Torque - Load characteristics

its speed does not vary appreciably with


increase in load, differential compound
motors are not preferred over dc shunt
motors and hence are rarely used.

PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS


LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 142

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND MOTORS


3. Speed - Torque characteristics
DIFFERENTIAL
COMPOUND

N
CUMULATIVE
COMPOUND

T (N-m)
PERFORMANCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS
LECTURE 11 OF 40
Course Code_52
Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 143

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(a) DC SHUNT MOTORS

(i) Shunt motors are used in situations,


such as driving a line shafting etc. where
the speed as to be maintained
approximately constant between no-load
and full-load.

APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 144

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(a) DC SHUNT MOTORS

(ii) In situations where variable load is to


be driven at different speeds but at each
load, the speed is to be kept constant.
Such as driving a lathe.

APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 145

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(b) DC SERIES MOTORS

DC Series Motors are used in


applications such as driving hoists,
cranes, trains, etc., as in these cases a
large starting torque is required. They are
also used where the motor can be
permanently coupled to the load, such as
APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 146

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(b) DC SERIES MOTORS

Fans , whose torque increases with speed.


Where constancy in speed is not
essential, the decrease of speed with
increase of load has the advantage that
the power absorbed by the motor does
not increase as rapidly as the torque .
APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 147

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(b) DC SERIES MOTORS

Series motors acquire very high speed at


no-load or at very light load . That is why
they should not be used for a belt drive
where there is a possibility of the load
decreasing to very small value.
APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 148

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(c) DC COMPOUND MOTORS

DC Compound Motors are used in


application where large starting torque
are required but where the load may fall
to such a small value that a series motor
would reach a dangerously high speed.
APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 149

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(c) DC COMPOUND MOTORS

Where the supply voltage may fluctuate ,


for instance on a traction system, the
series winding reduces the fluctuation of
armature current partly by its inductance
and partly by its influence on the value of
APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 150

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(c) DC COMPOUND MOTORS

flux and therefore on that of the induced


e.m.f.
When the load is of a fluctuating nature ,
e.g. for driving stamping processes, etc.
the shunt excitation prevents the speed
APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 151

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

EXIT

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(c) DC COMPOUND MOTORS

Becoming excessive on light load, and


the decrease of speed with increase of
load enables the flywheel, usually fitted
to such a machine, to assist the motor in
in dealing with the peak load by giving
APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 152

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

APPLICATIONS OF DC MOTORS
(c) DC COMPOUND MOTORS

up some of its kinetic energy.

* THANKS *
APPLICATION OF DC MACHINES
Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 153

EXIT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I
GENERALISED TREATMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

THANKS

Course Code_52

Subj. Code 5261

SLIDE 154

EXIT

Anda mungkin juga menyukai