hapter 9

II

9.1 Values of Sine , Cosine and Tangent

( 00 3600 )
9.2 Graphs Sine, Cosine and Tangent

E
S
U
N
TE
O
P
HY

)
H
(

ADJACENT SIDE (A)

OPPOSITE SIDE (O)

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO
Sin = O
H
A
=
Cos
H
Tan = O
A

9.1 Values of Sine , Cosine

and Tangent ( 00 3600 )

Identify the quadrants and angles

in the unit circle

A unit circle is a circle of radius of

1 unit with its centre at the origin

The axes divide a unit circle into four

equal parts, namely quadrants I, II,
III and IV as shown in Diagram 1
Angles are measured from the x-axis
in an anti-clockwise direction as
shown in Diagram 2

Diagram 1

y
1
II
Second
quadrant

I
First
quadrant

-1
III
Third
quadrant

1
IV
Fourth
quadrant

-1

900

Diagram
2

1800

II

-1

IV

III
-1
2700

00

Quadrant

I
00 < < 900

II
900 < < 1800

III
1800 < < 2700

IV
2700 < < 3600

Location
From positive x-axis to
positive y-axis
From positive y-axis to
negative x-axis
From positive x-axis to
positive y-axis
From positive y-axis to
positive x-axis

Determine the values of the

y-coordinate, x-coordinate and the
ratio of the y-coordinate to the
x-coordinate of several points on
the circumference of a unit circle

Example

Based on the unit circle (Diagram 3

complete Table 1

Diagram
3

Q
0

-1

R
-1

Poin
xyyt
coordinate coordinate coordinate
Xcoordinate

P
Q
R
S
Table 1

0.7

0.4

Diagram
3

u
l
o
S

o
i
t

-0.8
-1 -0.9

-0.6

-1

0.8
0.7

Solution

Poin
xyyt
coordinate coordinate coordinate
X0.7
coordinate
1
0.7
0.7

-0.9

0.4

-0.8

-0.6

0.8

-0.6
Table 1

0.7
0.4
4

0.9
9

0.6 3

0.8 4
0.6
3

0.8
4

Verify that, for angle in quadrant 1

sin = y-coordinate,
cos = x-coordinate and
tan = y-coordinate
x-coordinate

Quadrant 2

Quadrant1

P(x,y)
1

-1

Quadrant 3

-1

1 x

Quadrant 4

y
Quadrant 2

Quadrant1

y
P(x,y)

Sin =

-1

Quadrant 3

-1

Quadrant 4

1
Y

y
Quadrant 2

Quadrant 1

x
P(x,y)

1
-1

Quadrant 3

-1

x
Cos =
1
x
x
=
1

Quadrant 4

y
Quadrant 2

Quadrant 1

P(x,y)

y
Tan =
x

y
0

-1

Quadrant 3

-1

Quadrant 4

Quadrant 2

y
1

Quadrant 1 Sin =

y- coordinate
P(x,y)
of P

-1

Quadrant 3

Cos =
x-coordinate
of P
x
1
Tan =
y-coordinate
of P

-1 Quadrant 4

x-coordinate
of P

Determine the values of sine,

cosine and tangent of an angle in
quadrant 1

Example
Based on the quadrant of a
unit circle (Diagram 4), determine
the values of
(a) sin 240 (b) cos 240
(c) tan 240

Diagram
4

P(0.9,0.4)

-1

240

-1

Solution 1

y
Sin 240 =
y-coordinate of
= 0.4
P(0.9,0.4)

Cos 240 =
x-coordinate of
= 0.9

240

-1

Tan 240 =
y-coordinate of
x-coordinate of
= 0.4
0.9
= 0.44

-1

Q2

y
1
0.8

5308

-1

Q3

Sin 5308 =
Q 1 y-coordinate
P(x,y) of P = 0.8
Cos 5308 =
x-coordinate
of P = 0.6
0.6

-1

x
1 Tan 5308 =
y-coordinate
of P
x-coodinate
of P
= 1.3333

Q4

Determine the values of sine , cosin

E and tangent for ( 00 3600 )

Example

Based on the unit circle (Diagram 5)

determine the values of
(a) sin 1270 (b) cos 1270
(c) tan 1270

Diagram
5

-1

1270

-1

Solution 1
P

y
0.8

1270

-1

-0.6

Sin 1270 =
y-coordinate of
= 0.8
Cos 1270 =
x-coordinate of
= -0.6

Tan 1270 =
y-coordinate of
x-coordinate of
= 0.8
-0.6
= -1.33

-1

Determine whether the values

F
of sine, cosine and tangent of an angle
quadrants I,II,III and IV are positive
or negative

 in quadrant I ( 00 < < 900 )

y

Sin =
y-coordinate
of P = positive

P(x,y)

-1

-1

Cos =
x-coordinate
of P = positive
Tan =
y-coordinate of P
x-coordinate of P
= positive

 in quadrant II ( 900 < < 1800 )

y

Sin =
y-coordinate
of P = positive

P(x,y)

-1

-1

Cos =
x-coordinate
of P = negative
Tan =
y-coordinate of P
x-coordinate of P
= negative

 in quadrant III (1800 < < 2700 )

y

Sin =
y-coordinate
of P = negative

-1

P(x,y)
-1

Cos =
x x-coordinate
of P = negative
Tan =
y-coordinate of P
x-coordinate of P
= positive

 in quadrant IV (2700 < < 3600 )

Sin =
y-coordinate
of P = negative

y
1

-1

P(x,y)
-1

Cos =
x-coordinate
of P = positive
Tan =
y-coordinate of P
x-coordinate of P
= negative

alues of Sine, Cosine and Tangent of An Angle

y
Quadrant I

Quadrant II

Add

All positive

Sin
positive

Tan positive Cos positive

Quadrant III

Sugar

Quadrant
IV

To
Coffe
e

Determine the values of sine, cosine and

tangent of special angles

y
(0,1) 900

Sin Cos Tan

P(x,y)

1800
(-1,0)

2700

(0,-1)

y
(1,0) 00
360

y
x

etermine the values of sine, cosine and tange

for special angles
y

(0,1) 90

180

(-1,0)

(1,0) 00

2700

Sin Cos Tan

0
0
1
0

360

(0,-1)

90

180

-1

270

-1

360

300 300
2

600

600

600
1

300

Sin

1
2
3
2

Cos Tan

1
3
3
2
1
3
2

1
Sin 45
Sin =Cos Tan

1
0
Cos 45 =
2
0

450

450

Tan 450 = 1

Determine the values of the angles in

H
quadrant 1 which correspond to the
values of the angles in other quadrant

 in quadrant II ( 900 < < 1800 )

y

180

180
0

 in quadrant III (1800 < < 2700 )

y

180
0

180

 in quadrant IV (2700 < < 3600 )

y

360

360
0

xample

Find the value of angle

in quadrant 1
which corresponds to each of the follow
angles
(a) 1090 (b) 2130
(c) 3080

Solution
y

109 180

180 109

1090

71

Solution
y

180 213
0

2130

213 180
0

33

Solution
y

308 360

360 308

308

52

State the relationship between the

Ivalues of the sine, cosine and tangent
of angles in quadrant II, III and IV with
the respect values of their correspondin
angles in quadrant I

 in quadrant II ( 900 < < 1800 )

y

Sin
+ve

Sin = Sin

Cos = -Cos
Tan = -Tan

 in quadrant III (1800 < < 2700 )

y

Sin = -Sin

Tan +ve

Cos = -Cos
Tan = Tan

 in quadrant IV (2700 < < 3600 )

y

Sin = -Sin

Cos +ve

Cos = Cos
Tan = -Tan

Find the values of the sine, cosine and

Jtangent of the angles between 900 an
3600

 in quadrant II ( 900 < < 1800 )

Sin
+ve

Sin 1500 = Sin 300

= 0.5000

150

300

Cos 1500 = -Cos 300

= -0.8660

Tan 1500 = -Tan 300

= -0.5773

 in quadrant III (1800 < < 2700 )

y
Sin 2250 = -Sin 450
= -0.7071
2250
450

Tan +ve

Cos 2250= -Cos 450

x
= -0.7071

Tan 2250 = Tan 450

= 1.0000

 in quadrant IV (2700 < < 3600 )

y

Sin 3000 = -Sin 600

=0.8660

3000

x
600

Cos +ve

Cos 3000 = Cos

600
= 0.5000

Tan 3000 = -Tan 600

= -1.7320

Find the angles between 00 and 360

K given the values of sine, cosine
and tangent

SIZE OF THE ANGLE

If the value of sine , cos or tan are given and
900 3600, we can find the values of by
following the steps below:

1 Find the angle () in quadrant I which corresponds to

2 Determine the possible quadrants in which can lie,
based on sign(positive or negative) of the value of
sin , cos or tan .
3 Find the values of which are corresponding angles
of in the quadrant 2
found in.

Example
(a) Given tan = 0.6494 and 00 3600, find the values of .

Solution
a tan = 0.6494 = tan 330
1

2 Find by using a scientific calculator

The given value is positive, thus is in quadrant I or III

Therefore, = 330 or (1800 + 330)

= 330 or 2130

Find the corresponding angles

in quadrants I and III

Example
(b) Given cos = -0.4226 and 00 3600, find the values of .

Solution
a cos = -0.4226 = -cos 650
1

2
Find by using a scientific calculator

The given value is negative, thus is in quadrant II or III

Therefore, = (1800- 650) or (1800 + 650)

= 1150 or 2450)
3
Find the corresponding angles
in quadrants II and III

Solving Problems Involving

L
Sine, Cosine and Tangent

D
m
c
5

y0
A

3 cm

x0
4 cm

Sin y0 = Sin x0
= 3
5
Cos y0 = -Cos x0
= -4
5
Tan y0 = -Tan x0
= -3
4

In the diagram below, PQRS is a straight line.

Given that tan = -1.2. Find the values of,
(a) length of RS (b) cos x0

x0
P

Q 3 cm R

(a) Tan = -Tan

T
-1.2 = -6
RS
RS = -6
-1.2
6 cm
= 5
cm
S

In the diagram below, PQRS is a straight line.

Given that tan = -1.2. Find the values of,
(a) length of RS (b) cos x0

(b) Cos x0 = -Cos y0

T

10 cm
x0
P

Q 3 cm R

5
cm

Cos x0 = -QS
QT
= -8
6 cm
10
= -4
5
S

In Diagram 8, O is the origin of a Cartesan plane.

y
P(8, 15)

17

15

DIAGRAM 8
0

A 8
17
15
B
17
xC

Cos r

The value of
cos r 0

17

82 + 152 = 172

2nd Quadrant
Cos = -ve
0

15

D 17
15

AA

8 15 17

In Diagram 9, KLM is a straight line.

J
5 cm
K

13 cm
DIAGRAM 9

x0

The value of tan x0 is.

A
B

5
12
12
13

C
D

12

12

13

12

5 cm

13 cm

2nd Quadrant
Tan = -ve

x0

Tanxx 0 Tan 0
5

12
0

CC

Given that tan x = - 0.7002 and 180 x 360 .

Find the value of sin x.
A.
B.
C.
D.

-0.4266
-0.4766
-0.5647
-0.5736

SHIFT

tan-1
tan

(-)

-34.9997108

-0.573572292

DD

sin

-34.9997108 = 325.0003

5x

MODE

Fix
1

1 Fix 0 9 ?

-0.5736

9.2 GRAPH OF SINE, COSINE

AND TANGENT

Draw and compare the graphs of

A sine,
cosine and tangent for angles
between
00 and 3600

Graph of Sine

1
0.5
0

300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

-0.5
-1

00

900

1800

2700

3600

y=sin

-1

Graph of Cosine

1
0.5
0

300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

-0.5
-1

00

900

1800

2700

3600

y=sin

-1

Graph of Tangent

4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4

90

1800

2700

3600

Solve Problems
B
Involving
Graphs of Sine,
Cosine and Tangent

Diagram 7shows the graph of y = cos x

y
1

0o

-1
DIAGRAM 7

The value of S is
A
C

90 B
270 D

180o
360o

y
1

0o

-1
90 180 270 360
DIAGRAM 7

The value of S is
A
C

90 B
270 D

180o
360o

DD

0o

-1

90 180 270 360

SHIFT

cos

Cos-1

cos

Cos-1

SHIFT

0 90
(-)

1 180

DD