Communication Protocols
Describes the rules that govern the transmission of data over the
communication Network.
Provide a method for orderly and efficient exchange of data between the sender
and the receiver.
When a message is sent from source to destination it must use certain format or
structure
When sending a message on a computer it is encapsulated and when a message is
encapsulated it is broken down into some pieces or bits and when it receives it deencapsulated.
Each computer message is encapsulated in a specific format, called a frame, before
it is sent over the network. A frame acts like an envelope; it provides the address of
the destination and the address of the source host
The format and the contents of the frame are determined by the type of message
being sent and the channel over which it is communicated.
Messages that are not correctly formatted are not successfully delevired to or
processed by the host.
5
Message Size
when a long message is sent from one host to another over a network, it is necessary
to break the message into smaller pieces.
The size of the message is dependent on the channels used.
The long message will be sent in separate frames, with each frame containing a piece
of the original message. Each frame will also have its own addressing information. At
the receiving host, the individual pieces of the message are reconstructed into the
original message.
Message Timing:
Access Method: Hosts on a network need an access method to know when to begin
sending messages and how to respond when errors occur.
Flow Control: In network communication, source and destination hosts use flow
control methods to negotiate correct timing for successful communication.
Response Time out: Hosts on the network specifys how long to wait for responses
and what action to take if a response timeout occurs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
10
Network Protocols
11
12
13
Application Layer
The Application layer (Layer-7) provides the interface between the user
application and the network.
The Application layer interacts with the Presentation layer below it. As it is
the top-most layer, it does not interact with any layers above it.
Presentation Layer
The Presentation layer (Layer-6) controls the formatting and syntax of user data for
the application layer. This ensures that data from the sending application can be
understood by the receiving application.
If two devices do not support the same format or syntax, the Presentation layer can
provide conversion or translation services to facilitate communication.
Additionally, the Presentation layer can perform encryption and
compression of data, as required.
15
Session Layer
16
Transport layer
17
Transport Layer(Cont..)
negotiated to
prevent congestion.
18
Network Layer
19
20
Physical Layer
The Physical layer (Layer-1) controls the signaling and transferring of raw
bits onto the physical medium.
The Physical layer provides specifications for a variety of hardware:
Cabling
Connectors and transceivers
Network interface cards (NICs)
Wireless radios
Hubs
21
Network Protocols
22
23
Thank You
24