Design
Failure resulting from
Static loading
Dr. Faraz Junejo
Introduction
Why do mechanical components fail?
Machine parts fail when the stresses induced
by external forces exceed their strength.
The external loads cause internal stresses in
the elements and the component size
depends on the stresses developed.
What kind of stresses cause failure?
Under any load combination, there is always
a combination of normal and shearing
stresses in the material.
Strength
We know that that strength is a property or
characteristic of a mechanical element.
It is the ability of a material to resist the
externally applied forces without breaking or
yielding.
This property results from the material identity,
Static Load
Static load is a stationary (constant
magnitude, location and direction) force or
couple (moment or torque) applied to a
member.
A static load can produce axial tension or
compression, a shear load, a bending load,
a torsional load, or any combination of
these.
Remember, to be considered static, the
load cannot change in any manner.
Stress Ratio, R =
1.0
Tim
e
Objective
In this part of the course, we consider the
relations between strength and static
loading in order to make the decisions
concerning material and its treatment,
fabrication, and geometry for satisfying
the requirements of functionality, safety,
reliability, competitiveness, usability,
manufacturability, and marketability.
What is Failure
Failure can mean a part has
separated into two or more pieces;
has become permanently distorted,
thus ruining its geometry; has had its
reliability downgraded; or has had its
function compromised, whatever the
reason.
In this chapter our attention is
focused on the predictability of
permanent distortion or separation.
Failure Examples
Fig. 51
Failure Examples
(contd.)
Fig. 52
Failure Examples
(contd.)
Fig. 53
Failure strength
Failure in machine design means that a part
become permanently distorted (i.e. yielded) thus
its function is compromised.
Therefore, the failure strength we refer to is the
yield strength (or if the material does not yield such
as some brittle materials failure will mean fracture
ultimate strength).
Static strength
Ideally, in designing any machine element, the
engineer should have available the results of a great
many strength tests of the particular material
chosen.
These tests should be made on specimens having the
same heat treatment, surface finish, and size as the
element the engineer proposes to design; and the
tests should be made under exactly the same loading
conditions as the part will experience in service.
That is if the part is to experience a bending load, it
should be tested with a bending load. If it is to be
subjected to combined bending and torsion, it should
be tested under combined bending and torsion
Design Categories
1. Failure of the part would endanger human life, or the
part is made in extremely large quantities;
consequently, an elaborate testing program is justified
during design.
2. The part is made in large enough quantities that a
moderate series of tests is feasible.
3. The part is made in such small quantities that testing is
not justified at all; or the design must be completed so
rapidly that there is not enough time for testing.
4. The part has already been designed, manufactured,
and tested and found to be unsatisfactory. Analysis is
required to understand why the part is unsatisfactory
and what to do to improve it.
Static Strength:
Summary
When designing a machine element, the best way to
determine its strength is to test the part under exactly the
same loading conditions the part will experience in service.
(of course many tests are needed to account for variability).
However, performing such testing is very costly and cannot
be justified unless the part is used for a critical application or
if the part is produced in large quantities.
Thus, in most cases it is necessary to design using the
published material properties (yield strength, ultimate
strength, percentage elongation, etc.) which are obtained
from testing under uniaxial stress.
How to deal with 2D and 3D states of stress? Use failure
theories
Failure Strength
Factor of Safety
Applied Stress
Example :
Sy
Design
Failure Strength
Allowable Stress
Design Factor
Example :
ALLOW
Sy
N
Example:1
Example:1 (contd.)
At first computing the allowable stresses
Example:1 (contd.)
The free body diagram
of the bar is shown
here. There are three
unknowns.
Now in order to have FAC and FB in terms of applied load
we will apply moment equilibrium equation.
Example:1 (contd.)
Example:1 (contd.)
General Three-Dimensional
Stress
All stress elements are actually
3-D.
Plane stress elements simply have one surface with zero stresses.
For cases where there is no stress-free surface, the principal stresses are
found from the roots of the cubic equation
General Three-Dimensional
Stress (contd.)
In plotting Mohrs
circles for threedimensional stress, the
principal normal
stresses are ordered so
that 1 2 3.
Fig. 312 a
General Three-Dimensional
(contd.)
Always threeStress
extreme shear
values are given by
Fig. 312
Stress Concentration
As seen previously in chapter 3, stress
concentration is a highly localized effect
Recall, Stresses near a discontinuity in
geometry, such as a hole in a plate, fillet, or
sharp groove, are higher than the average stress.
It can be seen that
stresses are higher close
to the hole surface, where
failure will initiate.
Stress Raiser- discontinuity
responsible for stress concentration
Would stress
concentrations cause
failure of a part?
Would stress
concentrations cause
failure of a part?
Ductility, %EL
Ductility is a measure of
the plastic deformation
that has been sustained
at fracture:
Engineering
tensile
stress,
% EL
l f lo
lo
x100
smaller %EL
(brittle if %EL<5%)
larger %EL
(ductile if
%EL>5%)
Lo
Ao
Af
A material
that
Engineering tensile strain,
suffers
very little
Ao A f
Another ductility measure:
% AR
plastic
Ao
deformati
on is
brittle.
Ductility may be expressed as either percent
Lf
x100
(a)
Ductile
fracture is
desirable!
(b)
Ductile:
warning before
fracture
(c)
Brittle:
No
warning
ut
Ductile materials
Most common cause of yielding of
ductile material (e.g., steel) is slipping.
Slipping occurs along the contact
planes of randomly-ordered crystals
that make up the material.
Edges of planes of slipping as they appear on the
surface of the strip are referred to as Lders
lines.
The lines indicate the slip planes in the strip, which
occur at approximately 45 with the axis of the
strip.
MaximumShearStress
Theory
The MSS theory came from the
observation that for ductile materials
during tension test, the slip lines
(which occur after yielding) and
fracture surfaces occurs at 45o angle,
which is the angle of the maximum
shear stress.
MaximumShearStress
Theory (contd.)
The MSS theory predicts that yielding
occurs when the maximum shear
stress (for any given state of stress) is
equal to or larger than the shear
stress at yielding in a tension-test
specimen of the same material.
MaximumShearStress
Theory (contd.)
During tension test the stress is = P/ A
and the maximum shear stress occurs at
45o angle and it is equal to max = / 2 and
at yielding the maximum shear stress is:
max = sy / 2
Recall !!
Stress on an Oblique
Plane
Pass a section through the member
forming an angle with the normal
plane.
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the
plane must be equivalent to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal
and tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos
V P sin
Stress on an Oblique
Plane
The average values of corresponding normal and
shear stresses on the oblique plane are obtained
by dividing, respectively, F and V by the area A
of the oblique section.
From figure c it can be seen that Ao =A Cos ,
where Ao denotes area of section perpendicular to
F
P cos
P
cos 2 ( Eq : 1)
A0
A member
A0
the axis of the
cos
V
P sin
P
sin cos ( Eq : 2)
A A0
A0
cos
max
F
P cos
P
cos 2
A A0
A0
cos
( Eq : 3)
A0
max
V
P sin
P
sin cos
A A0
A0
cos
P
P
sin 45 cos 45
Eq : 4
A0
2 A0
MaximumShearStress Theory
(contd.)
Since, for a general state of stress, the principal
stresses are ordered such that 1 2 3 and
thus the maximum shear stress is: max = 1 3
/2.
Thus, according to the MSS theory, yielding
occurs when:
Eq: 5.1
Thus, for any stress element, use Mohrs circle
to find the maximum shear stress. Compare the
maximum shear stress to Sy/2
Eq: 5.1
Note that this implies that the yield strength in
shear is given by
For design purposes, Eq. (51) can be modified to
incorporate a factor of safety, n.
Sy / 2
max
MaximumShearStress Theory
(contd.)
MaximumShearStress Theory
(contd.)
Case 1:
A
Case 2: A B
For this case, 1 = A and 3 = B
Eq. (51) reduces to yield condition of A B
Sy Eq:5.5
Case 3: 0 A B
For this case, 1 = and 3 = B
Eq. (51) reduces to yield condition of B Sy
Eq:5.6
MaximumShearStress Theory
(contd.)
Equations (54) to
(56) are represented in Fig. 5
7 by the three lines indicated in the A, B plane.
Case 1: A B 0
A Sy
Case 2: A 0 B
A B Sy
Case 3: 0 A B
B Sy
Other lines are
symmetric cases when
B A
Inside envelope is
MaximumShearStress Theory
(contd.)
First
Quadrant:
and are
both
positive.
Therefore
Yielding will
occur when
any of or
reaches
yield
strength Sy.
MaximumShearStress Theory
(contd.)
In Fig. 57, suppose point a
represents the stress state of
a critical stress element of a
member.
If the load is increased, it is
typical to assume that the
principal stresses will increase
proportionally along the line
from the origin through point
a. Such a load line is shown.
Distortion-Energy Theory
The DE theory originated from the observation
that ductile materials subjected to hydrostatic
stress ( 1 = 2 = 3 ) can withstand stress
much higher than the yield strength value
obtained from tensile test, without yielding.
This led to the conclusion that yielding is
related to the angular distortion.
Distortion-Energy Theory
(contd.)
The term Hydrostatic
stress is used to describe a state
of tensile or compressive stress equal in all directions
within or external to a body. It causes a change in
volume of a material.
Strain Energy
The energy stored in a body due to deformation is
called the strain energy.
The strain energy per unit volume is called the
strain energy density and is the area underneath
the stress-strain curve up to the point of
deformation.
Eq: 1
Distortion-Energy Theory
(contd.)
Distortion-Energy Theory
(contd.)
As shown earlier,
the strain energy per
unit volume for simple tension is U =
()
For the element of Fig. 58a subjected to
triaxial stress the strain energy per unit
volume is
Distortion-Energy Theory
(contd.)
Using the generalized
Hook's law for
triaxial state of stress i.e. Substituting Eq.
(319) for principal strains
Distortion-Energy Theory
(contd.)
Distortion-Energy Theory
(contd.)
For the simple tensile test, at yield, =
1
Eq: 5-10
Equation (513) is a
rotated ellipse in the A, B
plane, as shown in Fig. 59
with = Sy . The dotted
lines in the figure represent
the MSS theory, which can
be seen to be more
restrictive, hence, more
conservative i.e. useful for
design situations where
higher reliability is desired
Sy
n
Example 5-1
Fig. 511
Fig. 511
Example: 1
The element is subjected to the stresses
shown. If yield strength is 36 ksi, determine
the factor of safety for the loading based on:
(a)the maximum-shear-stress theory.
(b)the maximum-distortion energy theory
Answers:
(a)1.59
(b)1.80
Example: 1 (contd.)
Example: 1 (contd.)
Example: 2
Solid shaft has a radius of 0.5 cm and made of steel
having yield stress of Y = 360 MPa. Determine if the
loadings cause the shaft to fail according to the
maximum-shear-stress theory and the maximumdistortion-energy theory.
Example: 2 (contd.)
State of stress in shaft is caused by both
the axial force and the torque. Since
maximum shear stress caused by torque
occurs in material at outer surface, we
have
P
15 kN
2
x
19
.
10
kN/cm
191 MPa
2
A 0.5 cm
xy
Tc 3.25 kN cm 0.5 cm
J
2 0.5 cm 4
2
Example: 2 (contd.)
Stress
components
acting on an
element of
material at
point A are
shown.
Example: 2 (contd.)
Principal stresses are obtained using stresstransformation equations:
1, 2
x y
x y
2
2
191 0
191 0
2
2
95.5 191.1
1 95.6 MPa
2 286.6 MPa
xy
2
165.5 2
Example: 2 (contd.)
Maximum-shear-stress theory
Since principal stresses have opposite signs,
absolute maximum shear stress occur in the
plane, apply Equation 5-1,
1 2 Y
Example: 2 (contd.)
Maximum-distortion-energy theory
Applying Equation 5-13, we have
12 12 22 Y
Example: 3
Steel pipe has inner diameter of 60 mm and outer
diameter of 80 mm. If it is subjected to a torsional moment
of 8 kNm and a bending moment of 3.5 kNm, determine
if these loadings cause failure as defined by the
maximum-distortion-energy theory. Yield stress for the
steel found from a tension test is Y = 250 MPa.
Example: 3 (contd.)
Investigate a pt on
pipe that is
subjected to a state
of maximum critical
stress.
Torsional and
bending moments
are uniform
throughout the
pipes length.
At arbitrary section
a-a, loadings produce
the stress
Example: 3 (contd.)
By inspection, pts A and B subjected to same state of
critical stress. Stress at A,
8000 N m 0.04 m
Tc
A
116 .4 MPa
4
4
J 2 0.04 m 0.03 m
3500 N m 0.04 m
Mc
A
101.9 MPa
4
4
I
4 0.04 m 0.03 m
Example: 3 (contd.)
Mohrs circle for this state of stress has center located
at
0 101.9
avg
50.9 MPa
2
Initial pt A (101.9, 116.4) and the center C (50.9, 0)
can be plotted to obtain the radius, which is given by
R
50.9
116 .4
127.1
Example: 3 (contd.)
Using Equation 5-13, we have
12 1 2 22 Y 2
Example: 4
Example: 4 (contd.)
Example: 4 (contd.)
Example: 5
A ductile cold-drawn steel bar of AISI 1020 has minimum yield strength in tension and
compression of 390 MPa. Using the distortion-energy and maximum shear-stress
theories :
a. Calculate the factors of safety for plane stress states. Given
x = 180 MPa, y = 100 MPa.
Example: 5 (contd.)
b. Calculate the factors of safety for plane stress
states. Given
x = 180 MPa, xy = 100 MPa.
Example: 5 (contd.)
b. Calculate the factors of safety for plane stress
states. Given
x = -160 MPa, xy = 100 MPa.
Example: 5 (contd.)
b. Calculate the factors of safety for plane stress
states. Given
xy = 150 MPa.
Example: 5 (contd.)
Exercise: 1
A ductile hot-rolled steel bar has minimum
yield strength in tension and compression of
350 MPa. Using the distortion-energy
and maximum-shear-stress theories
determines the factors of safety for the
following plane stress states:
Exercise: 1 (solution)
Exercise: 1 (solution)
Exercise: 1 (solution)
Exercise: 1 (solution)
Exercise: 1 (solution)
Exercise: 2
A shaft is loaded by a torque of 5 KNm. The material has a yield point of
350 MPa. Find the required diameter
using:
(a) Maximum shear stress theory
(b) Maximum distortion energy theory
Take a factor of safety of 2.5.
Answers:
(a) 71.3 mm
(b) 68 mm
Exercise: 2 (contd.)
Exercise: 3
The state of stress at a point for a material
is shown in the figure given below. Find the
factor of safety using:
(a) Maximum shear stress theory
(b) Maximum distortion energy theory.
Take the tensile yield strength of the material as
400 MPa.
Answers:
(a)2.356
(b)2.613
Exercise: 3 (contd.)
Exercise: 3 (contd.)
Exercise: 4
The components of plane stress at a critical
point on an A-36 steel shell with yield
strength of 250 MPa are shown. Determine if
failure (yielding) has occurred on the basis of:
(a)the maximum-shear stress theory.
(b)Maximum distortion-energy theory
Answers:
(a)152.64 MPa < sy = 250 MPa implying steel shell does not yield
(b)17,500 < sy2 = 62500 MPa implying steel shell does not yield
Exercise: 4 (contd.)
Exercise:
4 (contd.)
Exercise: 5
A bar with a circular cross-sectional area is
Exercise: 5 (contd.)
Exercise: 5 (contd.)
Exercise: 6
Bolt tightened to tensile stress of 80 ksi,
and torsional shear stress of 50 ksi. Find
factor of safety using:
(a)the maximum-shear stress theory.
(b)Maximum distortion-energy theory
Material: High carbon steel AISI1080 with
yield strength of 55 ksi. Will it fail?
Answers:
(a)0.43 i.e. Less than 1, implying it will fail
(b)0.47 i.e. Less than 1, implying it will fail
Exercise: 6 (contd.)
Exercise: 7
An aluminum alloy 6061-T6 with a yield strength
of 37ksi is to be used for a solid drive shaft such
that it transmits 40 hp at 2400 rev/min. Using a
factor of safety of 2 with respect to yielding,
determine the smallest-diameter shaft that can
be selected based on the maximum-shearstress theory.
Note: 1hp = 550 lb.ft
Answers: d = 0.833 in
Exercise: 7 (contd.)
Exercise: 7 (contd.)
Exercise: 8
An aluminum alloy 6061-T6 with a yield strength
of 37ksi is to be used for a solid drive shaft such
that it transmits 40 hp at 2400 rev/min. Using a
factor of safety of 2 with respect to yielding,
determine the smallest-diameter shaft that can
be selected based on the maximum-distortion
energy theory.
Note: 1hp = 550 lb.ft
Answers: d = 0.794 in
Exercis
e: 8
(contd.)
Exercise: 9
A bar with a square cross-sectional area is
made of a material having a yield stress of
120 ksi. If the bar is subjected to a bending
moment of 75 kip.in, determine the required
size of the bar according to the maximum
distortion-energy theory. Use a factor of
safety of 1.5 with respect to yielding
Answers: a = 1.78 in
Exercise: 9 (contd.)
Stress element
Exercise: 9 (contd.)
Exercise: 10
A bar with a square cross-sectional area is
Answers: a = 1.78 in
Exercise:
10
(contd.)
Exercise: 11
The yield stress for heat-treated beryllium
copper is 130 ksi. If this material is
subjected to plane stress and elastic
failure occurs when one principal stress is
145 ksi, what is the smallest magnitude
of the other principal stress? Use the
maximum-distortion-energy theory.
Answers: 2 = 38.9 ksi
Exercise: 12
Answers:
(a)94.3 ksi
(b)91 ksi
Exercise: 13
The shaft consists of
a solid segment AB
and a hollow segment
BC, which are rigidly
joined by the coupling
at B. If the shaft is
made from A-36 steel,
determine the
maximum torque T
that can be applied
according to the
maximum-shearstress theory. Use a
factor of safety of 1.5
against yielding. y =
250 MPa
Exercise: 14
The shaft consists of
a solid segment AB
and a hollow segment
BC, which are rigidly
joined by the coupling
at B. If the shaft is
made from A-36 steel,
determine the
maximum torque T
that can be applied
according to the
maximum-distortionenergy theory. Use a
factor of safety of 1.5
against yielding. y =
250 MPa
Coulomb-Mohr Theory
The MSS & DE theories assume the tensile and
compressive yield strength to be equal.
However, some materials have compressive
strength different from tensile strength. Such as:
Mohr Theory
Plotting Mohrs circle for three simple tension,
shear and compression tests, results in a bounding
curve that defines failure envelope.
The failure envelope can be a straight-line or any
other type of curve. It is a graphical method.
Mohr Theory
The argument amounted to the three Mohr
circles describing the stress state in a body
growing during loading until one of them
became tangent to the failure envelope,
thereby defining failure.
Coulomb-Mohr Theory
(Internal friction
theory)
Coulomb-Mohr
theory simplifies
to linear failure
envelope using
only tension and
compression tests
(dashed circles),
thus shear test is
not needed
Fig. 513
Coulomb-Mohr Theory
(contd.)
From the geometry,
derive the failure
criteria
Fig. 513
Failure condition
In above equation either yield strength or ultimate strength can be used,
depending upon whether the material is ductile or brittle.
Coulomb-Mohr Theory
Note that when (contd.)
the compressive and tensile
strengths are equal (St = Sc = Sy ), the CoulombMohr theory turns to be the MSS theory.
Incorporating factor of safety
Case 3: 0 A B
Eq. (522) reduces to
Coulomb-Mohr Theory
(contd.)
Plot three
cases on
principal
stress axes
Similar to
MSS theory,
except with
different
strengths for
compression
and tension
Coulomb-Mohr Theory
Since for the Coulomb-Mohr
(contd.)theory we do not
need the torsional shear strength circle we
can deduce it from Eq. (522).
Example 5-2
Exercise: 5-14
This problem illustrates that the factor of
safety for a machine element depends on the
particular point selected for analysis.
Here you are to compute factors of safety,
based upon the distortion-energy theory, for
stress elements at A and B of the member
shown in the figure.
This bar is made of AISI 1006 cold-drawn steel
and is loaded by the forces F = 0.55 kN, P =
8.0 kN, and T = 30 N m. Yield strength is 331
MPa.
Given:
Bar is AISI 1020 hot-rolled
steel
A DUCTILE material
F = 0.55 kN
P = 8.0 kN
T = 30 Nm
Find:
Factor of safety ()
Two areas of interest:
A
Top where max normal
stress is seen (bending!)
B
Side where max shear
stress is seen
Element A
Consider the types of loading we
have
Axial?
Yes due to P
Bending?
Recall that bending produces
and , depending on the
element of interest
Yes due to M ( at A, at B)
Since the maximum bending
moment is M = 100F
Torsion?
Yes due to T
Element A (contd.)
Calculate stresses due to each
load
P
P
4P
x
Axial:
Bending:
D 2
D 2
FL
My
Shear:
32 FL
D 3
D 4
64
xy 0
Torsion:
xz
Tc
2 16T
D 3
D 4
32
Element A (contd.)
F = 0.55 kN, P = 8.0 kN, and T = 30 N m.
4 P 32 FL
2
D
D 3
16T
xxz= 95.5
D 3 MPa
xz = 19.1 MPa
Element A (contd.)
Draw Mohrs Circle with the
stresses that we calculated
x = 95.5 MPa
xz = 19.1 MPa
x at (x, xz)
(95.5, 19.1)
y at (y, zx)
(y, -xz)
(0, -19.1)
Find Centre
x y 95.5 0
,0
,0 47.8,0
2
2
Find radius
x C x 2 xz 2
51.4
Element A (contd.)
Find principal stresses
1 = C + R
99.2 MPa
2 = C - R
-3.63 MPa
Element A (contd.)
Find the von Mises stress ()
1
2
2
2
1 2 2 3 1 3
2
'
1
99.2 0 2 0 3.63 2 99.2 3.63 2
2
' 101MPa
'
Element B
Consider the types of loading we
have
Axial?
Yes due to P
Bending?
Recall that bending produces
and , depending on the
element of interest
Yes due to M ( at A, at B)
Torsion?
Yes due to T
Element B (contd.)
Calculate stresses due to each load
Axial:
P
P
4P
A D 2
D 2
Bending:
Use equation for round solid cross-section
xy
Shear: 0
xy
Torsion:
xy
VQ 4V
Ib 3 A
Tc
16T
D 3
D 4
32
Element B (contd.)
F = 0.55 kN, P = 8.0 kN, and T = 30 N m.
4P
D 2
16T 4V
xy 3
D 3 A
x = 25.5 MPa
xy = 19.1 MPa
Note small contribution of shear
stress due to bending
Element B (contd.)
Draw Mohrs Circle with the
stresses that we calculated
x = 25.5 MPa
xy = 19.1 MPa
x at (x, xy)
(25.5, 19.1)
y at (y, yx)
(y, -xy)
(0, -19.1)
Find C
x y 25.5 0
,0
,0 12.8,0
2
2
Find radius
x Cx 2 xz 2
22.96
Element B (contd.)
Find principal stresses
1 = C + R
35.8 MPa
2 = C - R
-10.2 MPa
Think about 3-D Mohrs
Circle!
This is Case #3
We want 1 > 2 > 3
Assign 2 = 0 and 3 = -10.2
MPa
Element B (contd.)
Find the von Mises stress ()
1
'
1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2
2
1
35.8 0 2 0 10.2 2 35.8 10.2 2
2
' 41.8 MPa
'
Sy
331
Experimentally,
it was found to
be in close
agreement with
the behavior of
brittle materials
that have stressstrain diagrams
similar in both
tension and
compression.
It is typical for
brittle materials
to have the
compressive
strength larger
than the tensile
strength
Brittle Failure
Experimental Data
Maximum Normal
Stress Theory: Unsafe
in part of fourth
quadrant. Therefore,
not recommended for
use
Coulomb-Mohr is
conservative in 4th
quadrant
Modified Mohr - I
Quadrant condition
Failure criteria
However, it can be seen that experimental data are still outside this
extended region.
The straight line introduced by the modified Mohr theory, for A 0 B
and |B/A| > 1, can be replaced by a parabolic relation
Modified Mohr- II
Failure occurs when
Example: 1
If the 2-in. diameter shaft is made from
brittle material having an ultimate
strength of for both tension and
compression, ult = 50 ksi. Determine if
the shaft fails according to the maximumnormal-stress theory. Use a factor of
safety of 1.5 against rupture.
Example: 1 (contd.)
Remember, it is A B
Example: 2
If the 2-in. diameter shaft is made from
cast iron having tensile and compressive
ultimate strengths of (ult)t = 50 ksi and
(ult)c = 75 ksi respectively, determine if
the shaft fails in accordance with Mohrs
failure criterion.
Example
:2
(contd.)
Example: 3
The short concrete
cylinder having a
diameter of 50 mm is
subjected to a torque of
500 N.m and an axial
compressive force of 2
kN. Determine if it fails
according to the
maximum-normal-stress
theory. The ultimate
stress of the concrete is
ult = 28 MPa.
Example: 3 (contd.)
Example: 3 (contd.)
Remember, it is A
B
Theories of Failure:
Summary