DC

GENERATOR

& DYNAMO

Presented By:

GROUP

DEFINITION

LAWS &
PRINCIPLES

HISTORY

WORKING
PRINCIPLES

EARLY &
PRACTICAL
DEVELOPMENT

TYPES

o "A generator is a machine that

converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy by using the
principle of magnetic induction.
o A dynamo is an electrical generator
that produces direct current with the
use of a commutator.

DEFINITION

LAWS &
PRINCIPLES

HISTORY

WORKING
PRINCIPLES

EARLY &
PRACTICAL
DEVELOPMENT

TYPES

HISTOR
of
GENERATO
Y R

DCand DYNAMO

1831
The birth of the first
electric generator.

 The operating principle of electromagnetic

generators was discovered in the years of 1831
1832 by Michael Faraday. The principle, later called
Faraday's law.
Michael Faraday also built the first electromagnetic
generator, called the Faraday disk, a type of
homopolar generator, using a copper disc rotating
between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. It
produced a small DC voltage.

 The Faraday disk was the

first electric generator.
The horseshoe-shaped magnet
(A) created a magnetic field
through the disk (D). When the
disk was turned, this induced an
electric current radially outward
from the center toward the rim.
The current flowed out through
the sliding spring contact m,
through the external circuit, and
back into the center of the disk
through the axle.

1827
The unpatented
discovery.

 Independently of Faraday, the Hungarian

Anyos Jedlik started experimenting in
1827 with the electromagnetic rotating
devices which he called electromagnetic
self-rotors. In the prototype of the singlepole electric starter, both the stationary and
the revolving parts were electromagnetic.
About 1856 he formulated the concept of
the dynamo about six years before Siemens
and Wheatstone but did not patent it as he
thought he was not the first to realize
this.

DEFINITION

LAWS &
PRINCIPLES

HISTORY

WORKING
PRINCIPLES

EARLY &
PRACTICAL
DEVELOPMENT

TYPES

ARLY

velopment

1832
Hippolyte Pixiis Dynamo

 The first dynamo based on Faraday's

principles was built in 1832 by Hippolyte
Pixii, a French instrument maker. It used a
permanent magnet which was rotated by a
crank.
Hippolyte Pixii's dynamo. The commutator is
located on the shaft below the spinning
magnet.

1860
Pacinottis Dynamo

 This early design had a problem: the electric

current it produced consisted of a series of
"spikes" or pulses of current separated by none at
all, resulting in a low average power output.
Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian physics professor,
solved this problem around 1860 by replacing the
spinning two-pole axial coil with a multi-pole
toroidal one, which he created by wrapping an
iron ring with a continuous winding, connected to
the commutator at many equally spaced points
around the ring; the commutator being divided
into many segments.

Pacinotti's Dynamo

Develo

ractical
ment

The dynamo was the first electrical generator

capable of delivering power for industry. The
modern dynamo, fit for use in industrial
applications, was invented independently by Sir
Charles Wheatstone, Werner von Siemens and
Samuel Alfred Varley. Varley took out a patent
on 24 December 1866, while Siemens and
Wheatstone both announced their discoveries
on 17 January 1867, the latter delivering a
paper on his discovery to the Royal Society.

Gramme
Dynamo(1878)
Znobe Gramme reinvented

Pacinotti's
design in 1871 when designing the first
commercial power plants operated in Paris.
An advantage of Gramme's design was a
better path for the magnetic flux, by filling
the space occupied by the magnetic field
with heavy iron cores and minimizing the air
gaps between the stationary and rotating
parts. The Gramme dynamo was one of the
first machines to generate commercial
quantities of power for industry.

 Charles F. Brush assembled his first dynamo

in the summer of 1876 using a horse-drawn
treadmill to power it. Brush's design modified
the Gramme dynamo by shaping the ring
armature like a disc rather than a cylinder
shape. The field electromagnets were also
positioned on the sides of the armature disc
rather than around the circumference.

RotaryConverters
Converters
Rotary
After dynamos and motors were found to allow
easy conversion back and forth between
mechanical or electrical power, they were
combined in devices called rotary converters,
rotating machines whose purpose was not to
provide mechanical power to loads but to convert
one type of electric current into another, for
example DC into AC.
The technology of rotary converters was replaced
in the early 20th century by mercury-vapor
rectifiers, which were smaller, did not produce
vibration
and
noise,
and
required
less

DEFINITION

LAWS &
PRINCIPLES

HISTORY

WORKING
PRINCIPLES

EARLY &
PRACTICAL
DEVELOPMENT

TYPES

PRINC
of
IPLES
GENERATOR
DCand DYNAMO

"but still try, who

knows what is
possible..."
(Michael Faraday)

Principles
o Faraday's Law of Induction
o Fleming Right Hand Rule

Faraday's Law of Induction

Faraday's 1st law
"Any change in the magnetic field of a coil
of wire will cause an emf to be induced in
the coil"

Faraday's Law of Induction

Faraday's 2nd law
The magnitude of emf induced in the coil
is equal to the rate of change of flux that
linkages with the coil. "

Flemings Right Hand Rule

This rule states Hold out the right
hand with the forefinger, second
finger and thumb at right angle to
each other." If index finger represents
the direction of the line of force, the
thumb points in the direction of motion or
applied force, then middle finger points
in the direction of the induced current.

Principle
of

DC
Generator
A

DEFINITION

LAWS &
PRINCIPLES

HISTORY

WORKING
PRINCIPLES

EARLY &
PRACTICAL
DEVELOPMENT

TYPES

The

WORKING PRINCIPLES
of

DC

GENERATOR
and DYNAMO

Major
of

A PARTS

Generator

Magnetic Circuit

Yoke
It is the outer frame
of the generator
Acts as a protecting
shield
Mechanical support
for the poles

Field Magnet
Consist of the pole
core and the pole
shoes
Spreads the
magnetic flux in the
air gap
Due to its large
cross-section, it
reduces reluctance
of the magnetic path
Support the filed

Pole Coils
Consist of copper
wires wounded on
the former
Current passing
through the pole
coils produces the
necessary magnetic
flux

Armature Core
Houses the
armature
conductors
Provide a path of
very low reluctance
to the flux through
the armature
Built-up of circular
steel disk.(0.5 mm
thick)

Armature Windings

Commutator
Facilitates the
collection of current
from the armature
conductors
Converts AC to
unidirectional
current
Segments are
insulated by thin
layers of Mica

Brushes
Collects the current
from the
commutator
Made of carbon or
graphite

Effects of Additional Coils and

Poles
Additional Armature Coils
The graph shows the ripple
effect of thee voltage when
two armature coils are used.
The Ripples is limited to the
rise and fall between points A
and B on the graph.
By adding more armature
coils, the ripple effect can be
further reduced.
Decreasing ripple this way in

The additional magnetic poles have the

same effect on ripple as did the additional
armature coils.
In addition, the increased number of poles
provides a stronger magnetic field.
*this, in turn allows an increase in output voltage because the
coils cut more lines

Armature Reaction
The magnetic field produced by
current in the armature of a dc
generator affects the flux pattern
and distorts the main field. This
distortion causes a shift in the
neutral plane, w/c affects the
commutation.

Armature Reaction

Compensating Windings and

Interpoles
Compensating Windings - consist of a
series of coils embedded in slots in the pole
faces. These coils are connected in series with
the armature. It produces a magnetic field,
w/c varies directly with armature current.
Interpoles - have a few turns of large wire
and are connected in series with the
armature. Interpoles are wound and place so
that each interpole has the same magnetic

Motor Reaction in a
Generator
When a Generator
delivers
current
creates a magnetic
force that opposes
the rotation of the
armature.

Armature Losses
Copper Loss in the
Winding
Eddy Current Loss in the
Core
Hysteresis Loss

Copper Loss in the

Winding
o The power loss in the form of heat in the
armature winding.
o Heat is generated any time current flows
in a conductor.
o Copper loss is an (I2)(R) Loss.
o Copper Loss is minimized in armature
windings by using large diameter wire.

Eddy Current Loss in the

Core
Currents that are induced in the
generator armature core.
The power dissipated in the form of
heat, as a result of eddy currents, is
considered as loss
Lamination the armature core is
divided into small pieces that are
insulated with each other..

Hysteris Loss
o A heat loss caused by the magnetic
properties of the armature.
o When an armature core
is in a
magnetic field, the magnetic particles
of the core tend to lined up with the
magnetic field.
o Heat Treated Silicon steel laminations
are used to compensate with the
hysteresis loss.

Types of Armature
Gramme Ring
Armature

Drum Type
Armature

Gramme Ring Armature Type

The windings of a Gramme-ring armature are
placed on an iron-ring . A disadvantage of
this arrangement is that the windings located
on the inner side of the iron ring cut few lines
of flux.

Drum Type Armature

The armature windings are placed in slots
cut in a drum-shaped iron core. Each
winding completely surrounds the core so
that the entire length of the conductor cuts
the main magnetic field.

Types of Windings
(Drum Type)

Lap Windings
Wave Windings

Lap Windings

Wave Windings

DEFINITION

LAWS &
PRINCIPLES

HISTORY

WORKING
PRINCIPLES

EARLY &
PRACTICAL
DEVELOPMENT

TYPES

TYPES DC
of

GENERATOR

DC generators are classified based on their

method of excitation:

Separately Excited DC
Generator
Self Excited DC
Generator
Permanent Magnet DC
Generator

Separately Excited DC Generator

These are the generators whose field
magnets are energized by some external
dc source such as battery .

o Voltage drop in
the armature =
Ia Ra (R/sub>a
is the armature
resistance)
o Let, Ia = IL = I
(say)
o Then, voltage
across the load,
V = IRa
o Power
generated, Pg =
EgI
o Power delivered
to the external
load, PL = VI.

Self Excited DC Generator

These are the generators whose field magnets are
energized by the current supplied by themselves. In
these type of machines field coils are internally
connected with the armature.

According to the position of the field coils the

Self-excited DC generators may be classified
as:
o Series Wound generators
o Shunt Wound generators
o Compound Wound generators

Rsc = Series winding resistance

Isc = Current flowing through
Series
the series field
Ra = Armature resistance
Ia = Armature current
IL = Load current
V = Terminal voltage
Eg = Generated emf

Wound Generators

Then, Ia = Isc = IL=I (say)

Voltage across the load, V = Eg -I(IaRa)
Power generated, Pg = EgI
Power delivered to the load, PL = VI

Rsh = Shunt winding resistance

Ish = Current flowing through
Shunt
the shunt field
Ra = Armature resistance
Ia = Armature current
IL = Load current
V = Terminal voltage
Eg = Generated emf
Shunt field current, Ish = V/Rsh
+ IL
Voltage across the load, V = Eg-Ia Ra
Power generated, Pg= EgIa
Power delivered to the load, PL = VIL

Wound Generators

Ia=Ish

Compound Wound Generator

Compound wound generators have both series field
winding and shunt field winding. One winding is
placed in series with the armature and the other is
placed in parallel with the armature.

Two Types:
o
Short Shunt Compound Wound
Generators
o
Long Shunt Compound Wound
Generators

The generators in which

only shunt field winding is
in parallel with the
armature winding.
Series field current, Isc = IL
Shunt field current, Ish =
(V+Isc Rsc)/Rsh
Armature current, Ia = Ish
+ IL
Voltage across the load, V
= Eg Ia Ra Isc Rsc
Power generated, Pg =
EgIa
Power delivered to the load,

Short Shunt Compound

Wound Generators

The generators in which

shunt field winding is in
parallel with both series
field and armature winding.
Shunt field current,
Ish=V/Rsh
Armature current, Ia=
series field current, Isc=
IL+Ish
Voltage across the load,
V=Eg-Ia Ra-Isc Rsc=Eg-Ia
(Ra+Rsc) [Ia=Ics]
Power generated, Pg=

Long Shunt Compound

Wound Generators

Presented By:

GROUP

Dela Cruz, Gerald

Pulga, Robin
Taneca, Mark Thomas
Datingginoo, Cris Diane
Hidalgo, Carla Jane
Secondez, Czariena

Thank you!