APPLIDE THERMAL

& HYDRAULIC
ENGINEERING

PITOT TUBE

Vaghela avinash
Vala sagar
Vasani gaurang
Vyas jay
Zala pushprajsinh

130070109058
130070109059
130070109060
130070109061
130070109062

YAW AND PITCH ANGLE RANGE

If the fluid stream is not parallel to the probe
head, errors occur in both total and static
readings.
These are the most important errors in this
type of instrument because they cannot be
corrected without taking independent
readings with another type of probe.

Errors due to Yaw and Pitch Angle

WALL BOUNDARY EFFECTS

The static pressure indication is sensitive to distance from solid

boundaries.
The probe and boundary form a Venturi passage, which accelerates the
flow and decreases the static pressure on one side.

y/d
The curve shows that static readings should not be taken closer than 5
tube diameters from a boundary for 1% accuracy and 10 tube diameters
is safer.

TURBULENCE ERRORS
Pitot-Static tubes appear to be insensitive to
isotropic turbulence, which is the most common
type.
Under some conditions of high intensity, large scale
turbulence, could make the angle of attack at a
probe vary over a wide range.
This probe would presumably have an error
corresponding to the average yaw or pitch angle
produced by the turbulence

TIME CONSTANT
The speed of reading depends on
the length and diameter of the pressure passages
inside the probe,
the size of the pressure tubes to the manometer, and
the displacement volume of the manometer.

The time constant is very short for any of the

standard tubes down to 1/8" diameter.
It increases rapidly for smaller diameters.
For this reason 1/16" OD is the smallest
recommended size for ordinary use .
This will take 15 to 60 seconds to reach
equilibrium pressure with ordinary manometer
hook-ups.

 The tubes have been made as small as 1/32"

OD.
But their time constant is as long as 15
minutes and they clog up very easily with fine
dirt in the flow stream.
If very small tubes are required, it is
preferable to use separate total and static
tubes rather than the combined total-static
type.
Where reinforcing stems are specified on
small sizes, the inner tubes are enlarged at
the same point to ensure minimum time
constant.

Dynamic response of a Pitot-Static Tube

Assumptions

The fluid is assumed to be incompressible the

total length of the fluid column remains fixed
at L.
Assume that the probe is initially in the
equilibrium position.
The pressure difference p is suddenly
applied across it.
The fluid column will move during time t > 0.

The forces that are acting on the length L of the fluid

are:
Force disturbing the equilibrium
Fdis Am p
Inertial Force

Fi m fluida fluid

d 2h
f Af L 2
dt

Forces opposing the change:

Fg m fluid ghv f A f ghv
a. Weight of column of fluid
b. Fluid friction due to viscosity of the fluid
Fviscous: p fri A f

The velocity of the fluid column is expected to

be small and the laminar assumption is thus
valid.
The viscous force opposing the motion is
calculated based on the assumption
32L of fully
32L dh

The developed
fricitional pressure
drop
m
Hagen-Poiseuellef flow.
d2
d 2 dt

Fviscous p f Am
32L dh
Fviscous Am p f Am
d 2 dt

Newtons Law of Motion

Fi Fdis Fg Fviscous

d 2h
32 L dh
f Am L 2 Am p f Am ghv Am 2
dt
d dt
d 2h
32L dh
f L 2 p f ghv 2
dt
d dt

d 2 h 32L dh
m L 2 2
m ghv p
dt
d dt
d 2 h 32 L dh
m L 2 2
m g h hh p
dt
d dt
L d 2 h 32L dh
p
2
h
hh
2
g dt
d m g dt
m g

Second Order System

L d 2 h 32 L dh
p
2
h
hv
2
g dt
d m g dt
m g

L
32 L
p
a2 ; a1 2
; a0 1 & b0
hv
g
d m g
m g

The essential parameters

b0
p

hv
a0 m g
a1
32 L

he dimensionless damping ratio:

2 a0 a 2 2 d 2 m g L

The static
sensitivity:

The Natural Frequency:

a0

a2

g
L

1 d 2 h 2 dh
p

hv
2
2
n dt
n dt
m g

Transfer Function of a second order system for step input:

Y s
1
G(s)
2
X s s a2 a1s a0

n2
G(s) 2
2

s 2 n s n2
s

2
2
s 1
n n

p
X s
m gs

pn2
Y s
m gs s 2 2 n s n2
The transfer function is parameterized in terms of
and n.
The value of n doesnt qualitatively change the
system response.
There are three important caseswith qualitatively
different system behavioras varies.
The three cases are called:
Over Damped System ( >1)
Critically Damped System ( =1)
Under Damped System ( <1)

General Response of A Second Order System

y (t ) m g
p

y (t ) m g
y(t)
p


y (t ) m g
p

Response of Pitot tube to step input

y (t ) m g
p

 Over Damped System ( >1)

32
2
2d m

32 L
2d 2 m g L

m g
2
d
16

L
1
g

nt
nt
2
2
y (t )
e sinh n 1 t
1 e cosh n 1 t
2
m g
1

y(t)

Measurement of Multi-dimensional Flows

Five Hole Probes

The five-hole probe is
an instrument often
used in low-speed wind
tunnels to measure
flow direction, static
pressure, and total
pressure in subsonic
flows.
This adaptation
permits extending the
useful calibration
range up to 85 .
A special calibration is
to been done, and
new, extended range
calibration curves are

Probe Description
The probe consists of four direction-sensing
ports plus a center port, precision bored into a
conical brass tip.
Four individual small diameter stainless steel
tubes connect the four side sensing ports to
individual pressure transducers.
The outer 3.175 millimeter diameter tube
serves as the pressure transmitting channel for
the center tube, as well as housing for the four
side-port tubes.
This small 3.175 millimeter tube is fitted within
a larger tube for increased stiffness away from
the sensing tip.

Calibration of Five Hole Probes