Chapter 7
History
◗ Humans vs. Microbes
• infections
• diseases
• plagues
• epidemics
• pandemics
Nursery Rhyme
Variola virus
Eradicated in 1977 (Somalia)
Methods to Control Microbial
Growth
◗ 1. Physical
◗ 2. Chemical
Terms used:
◗ Sterilization vs. Disinfection
◗ Sterilization
• destroying all forms of life
◗ Disinfection
• destroying pathogens or unwanted organisms
◗ Disinfectant vs. Antiseptic
◗ Disinfectant
• antimicrobial agent used on inanimate objects
◗ Antiseptic
• antimicrobial agent used on living tissue
cidal vs. static
◗ Bactericidal - kills bacteria
◗ Bacteristatic - inhibits bacterial growth
◗ Fungicidal
◗ Fungistatic
◗ Algacidal
◗ Algastatic
Factors that effect Antimicrobial
Activity
◗ 1. Temp
◗ 2. Time
◗ 3. Concentration of Antimicrobial agent
◗ 4. Type of Microbe
◗ 5. Activity of Microbe
◗ 6. Presence of organic matter
Targets of Antimicrobial Agents
◗ 1. Cell membrane
• culture media
• enzymes
• vaccines
• antibiotics
Radiation
◗ 1. Ionizing Radiation
• gamma rays & x-rays
• penetrates most substances
◗ Used on substances that could be damaged by heat
• plastic petri dishes
• plastic syringes
• catheters
• surgical gloves
Radiation
◗ 2. Non-Ionizing Radiation
• UV Light
• does not penetrate plastic, glass or proteinaceous
matter
◗ Used to reduce microbial populations
• hospital rooms
• nurseries
• operating rooms
Thymine Dimers
Pasteurization
◗ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
◗ 63 C for 30 minutes
◗ 72 C for 15 seconds (HTST)
◗ Thermodurics
• able to survive high temps.
Methods used to control Microbial Growth
◗ 1. Heat
• Moist Heat
• Boiling Water
• Steam Heat (Autoclave)
• Dry Heat
• Direct Flaming
• Incineration
• Hot Air Sterilization (Oven)
◗ 2. Filtration
◗ 3. Radiation
• Ionizing Radiation
• Non-Ionizing Radiation
◗ 4. Pasteurization (Heat)