Transmission Media

Prepared by: Engr. Maria Diorella A.

Paguio

The Basic Idea

Encodedataasenergyand transmit
energy
Decode energy at destination back into
data
Energy can be electrical, light, radio,
sound, ...
Each form of energy has different
properties and requirements for
transmission

Data Transmission

Simplex transmission
Refers to one way transmission where
one party is the transmitter and the
other is the receiver
Example: simple radio

Data Transmission

Half duplex transmission

Refers to two way communications
where only one party can transmit at a
time
Example: walkie-talkie

Data Transmission

Full duplex transmission

Refers to the transmission of data in
two directions simultaneously
Example: telephone is a full duplex
device because both parties can talk
at once

Transmission Methods

Data is presented by binary digits, 1 and 0,

also called bits.
Serial transmission
In

serial transmission,
bits are sent
sequentially on the
same channel (wire)
which reduces costs
for wire but also slows the speed of transmission.
Examples of serial mode transmission include
connections between a computer and a modem
using the RS-232 protocol.

Transmission Methods
Parallel
In

Transmission

parallel transmission, multiple bits (usually 8

bits or a byte/character) are sent
simultaneously
on different
channels (wires,
frequency channels)
within the same cable,
or radio path, and synchronized to a clock.
Examples of parallel mode transmission include
connections between a computer and a printer
(parallel printer port and cable).

Transmission Media

WIRED TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Physical channels or paths that carry
the signal or message from the sender
to the receiver
Example: copper wires, twisted pair
wires and coaxial cables

Transmission Media
Copper Wires
Preferred due to
its low resistance
to electric current,
which enables
signals to travel
faster

Transmission Media
To minimize interference, networks
use one of two basic wiring types:
Twisted pair
Coaxial cable

Transmission Media
Twisted pair wire
The most common
form of cable today
Used to connect
telephone subscribers
to exchanges
(switching enters) and
wire building)
Used to interconnect
PCs on a Local Area
Network (LAN)

Transmission Media
Twisted pair wire
Each twisted pair wire is actually two
insulated copper wires twisted around
each other.
They are twisted together for the
purposes of canceling out electromagnetic
interference (EMI) from external sources;
for instance, electromagnetic radiation
from unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables,
and crosstalk between neighboring pairs.

Transmission Media
Twisted pair wire
Other services which makes use of twisted pair wires:
POTS
Public

Old Telephone Service

Permits voice conversations and digital transmissions with the aid of
a modem
Also referred to as PSTN or Public Switched Telephone Network

ISDN
Integrated

Services Digital Network

A digital service

ADSL
Asymmetric

Digital Subscriber Line

Receive data over POTS lines at 1.5 to 9 Mbps

Transmission Media
Twisted pair wire
Two forms of twisted pair: Unshielded
and Shielded Twisted Pair
UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
Cable which has no ground shield
Two conductors are coated with a plastic
sheath then twisted around each other

Transmission Media
UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
Advantages:

High installed base

Inexpensive to install
Easy to terminate

Disadvantages:

Very noisy
Limited in distance 100m
Suffer from interference

Transmission Media
STP (Shielded twisted
pair)

Shielded twisted pair is a

special kind of copper
telephone wiring used in some
business installations.
An outer covering or shield is
added to the ordinary twisted
pair telephone wires; the shield
functions as a ground.
Twisted pair is the ordinary
copper wire that connects
home and many business
computers to the telephone
company.
Maximum Length 100m

Transmission Media
Coaxial Cable
More commonly known as the wiring used for cable TV
Permits high speed data transmission with a minimum
of signal distortion because it provides greater
protection from interference than twisted pair
Consists of a single wire surrounded by heavier metal
shield which surrounds the center wire uniformly on all
sides, making it a more effective barrier to
electromagnetic radiation
Maximum length:
200 meters thin
500 meters - thick

Transmission Media
Coaxial Cable
Advantages:

Inexpensive to
install
Conforms to
standards
Widely used
Greater capacity
than UTP

Disadvantages:

Limited in distance
Limited in number of
connections
Costly compared to twisted
pair wires and copper wires
Terminations and
connections must be done
properly
Utilizes air as channel for
carrying the signals in
waveform
Utilizes signal generation
devices from source and
destination endpoints

Transmission Media

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
MEDIA
Utilizes air as its channel for carrying
the signals in waveform
Utilizes signal generation devices from
the source and destination endpoints

Transmission Media
Microwave
System
The transmission
of these signals is
line of sight,
meaning there
should be no
physical obstacles
between the
sending and
receiving devices

Transmission Media
Microwave System
Advantages:
Medium capacity
Medium cost
Can go long distances

Disadvantages:
Noise interference
Geographical problems due to line of
sight requirements

Transmission Media
Orbital satellite
transmission

Satellite systems are

comprised of ground
based transmitter and
receiver dishes, with an
orbital satellite circuit
(called a transponder)
Signal are transmitted
to the orbiting satellite,
which relays it back to
another ground station

Transmission Media
Orbital satellite transmission

Advantages:
Low cost per user (for PAY TV)
High capacity
Very large coverage

Disadvantages:
High install cost in launching a satellite
Receive dishes and decoders required
Delays involved in the reception of the signal

Transmission Media
Very Small Aperture
Terminal (VSAT)
An earthbound
station used in
satellite
communications of
data, voice and video
signals, excluding
broadcast television
Can handle up to
56Kbps

Transmission Media
Very Small
Aperture
Terminal (VSAT)

Consists of two parts:

Transceiver: placed
outdoors in direct line of
sight to the satellite
Device: placed indoors
to interface the
transceiver with the end
users communications
device, such as PC

Transmission Media
HIGH SPEED WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
T-carrier system
Introduced by the Bell System in the U.S. in the
1960s
First successful system that supported digitized
voice transmission
Entirely digital, using pulse code modulation
and time division multiplexing
Uses four wires and provides duplex capability
(two wires for receiving and two for sending at
the same time)

Transmission Media
T1-carrier system
Dedicated phone connection support data
rates of 1.544Mbits per second
Consists of 24 individual channels, each of
which supports 64Kbits per second
Popular leased line option for business
connecting to the internet and for internet
service providers (ISPs) connecting to the
internet backbone
Sometimes referred to as DS1 lines

Transmission Media
E1
The European format for digital
transmission
Carries signals at 2Mbps (32
channels at 64Kbps)

Transmission Media
Digital signal X
Term for the series of standard
digital transmission rates or levels
based on DS0, a transmission rate
of 64 Kbps, the bandwidth normally
used for one telephone voice
channel

Transmission Media
Wireless connections
Wireless transceiver provides an
alternative to running a permanent
physical line
Used to link these devices:
Desktop

PC and laptop PC
PC and local area network (LAN)
PC and mainframe computer
Terminal and multiplexer
Laptop PC and large printer

Transmission Media

GLASS-BASED TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Fiber optic cable: light pulse

Used to transport data as laser generated
pulse of light
A single fiber can carry over 32,000 voice
and data transmission, the equivalent of
2.5 billion bits per second
More secure than electronic signals over a
wire

Transmission Media
Fiber optic cable:
light pulse
Advantages:

High capacity
Immune to
interference
Can go long
distance

Disadvantages:

Costly
Difficult to join

Transmission Media
Fiber optic cable: light pulse

COMMON CARRIERS: DEDICATED

LINE OR DIAL UP LINE
Dedicated Line
A telecommunications
path between two
points that is available
24 hours a day for use
by a designated user

Physical path owned by

the user or rented from
a telephone company,
in which case it is
called a leased line.

Dial - up Line

Sometimes called
switched line

Telephone connection
in a system of many
lines shared by many
users

Established and
maintained for a
limited time duration

-END OF PRESENTATION-