Ve = kq / r
g = Vg / r
E = Ve / r
FE = kq1q2 / r 2
EP = GMm / r
gravitational
potential energy
FYI
The actual proof is beyond the scope of this course.
Note, in particular, the minus sign.
Use FG = GMm / r 2.
Recall that a is the
slope of the v vs. t graph.
gravitational
where G = 6.671011 N m2 kg2
potential energy
We now define gravitational potential as gravitational
potential energy per unit mass:
Vg = EP / m
Vg = GM / r
This is why it is called potential.
gravitational
potential
FYI
The units of Vg and Vg are J kg-1.
Gravitational potential is the work done per unit mass
done in moving a small mass from infinity to r. (Note
that V = 0 at r = .)
Potential gravitational
Vg = EP / m
Vg = GM / r
gravitational
potential
r1
gravitational potential
= m (Vg Vg0)
= mVg
= 365(-1.2110-11)
FYI
EP = W implies
that the work done by
gravity is +4.4210-9
J. Why is W > 0?
r2
r1 = 6.37106 m.
r2 = 5(6.37106) = 3.19107 m.
r = r2 r1 = 3.19107 6.37106 = 2.55107 m.
GPG = Vg / r
7
-1
-1
r1
-2
-2
m
r=R
u = vesc
r=
v=0
Escape speed
From the conservation of mechanical energy we have
EK + EP = 0. Then
0
EK EK0 + EP EP0 = 0
0
(1/2)mvesc2 = GMm / R
escape speed
FYI
We assumed that g = 9.8
ms-2 at the top of Everest.
2R
3R
4R
5R
- GMm
R
EP
2R
3R
4R
5R
2R
3R
4R
5R
FYI
Kinetic energy (thus v) DECREASES with radius.
EK
r E
EP
The Vo
mit Com
et
F = mg = GMm / x2 = mv2/ x.
Thus v2 = GM / x.
Finally v = GM / x.
From (a), v2 = GM / x.
But EK = (1/2)mv2.
Thus EK = (1/2)mv2 = (1/2)m(GM / x) = GMm / (2x).
EP = mV and V = GM / x.
Then E = m(GM / x) = GMm / x.
E = EK + EP
E = GMm / (2x) + GMm / x [ from (b)(i) ]
E = 1GMm / (2x) + -2GMm / (2x)
E = GMm / (2x).
R2
P
M2
Fc = FG
42
R(
GM2 1
R1+R2 )2.
R2
P
M2
R2
P
M2
E = GMm / (2r)
total energy of an
EK = GMm / (2r) EP = GMm / r orbiting satellite
If r decreases EK gets bigger.
If r decreases EP gets more negative (smaller).
V = GM / r so that V0 = GM / R0.
But g0R0 = (GM / R02)R0 = GM / R0 = V0.
Thus V0 = g0R0.
EP = kq1q2 / r
where k = 8.99109 N m2 C2
electrostatic
potential energy
FYI
The actual proof is beyond the scope of this course.
You need integral calculus
-1
FYI
What is the significance of this number?
Ve is ZERO inside
a conductor.
kq / a
Ve is biggest () when r = a. Thus Ve = kq / a.
From Ve = kq / r we see that V is negative and it
drops off as 1 / r.
Ve = kq / r
Ve = (9.0109)(-9.010-9) / (4.5 10-2) = -1800 V.
q = -1.610-19 C.
V0 = -1800 V.
EP = qV.
Vf = kq / r = (9.0109)(-9.010-9) / (0.30) = -270 V.
EP = qV = (-1.610-19)(-270 -1800) = -2.410-16 J.
EK + EP = 0 EK = - EP = 2.410-16 J.
0
EK = EKf EK0 = 2.410-16 J.
(1/2)mv2 = 2.410-16.
(1/2)(9.1110-31)v2 = 2.410-16.
v = 2.3107 ms-1.
Ve = kQ / r