Presentasi Teknologi Mekanik Minggu 7

Engineering 20
Chp15
Fasteners & Springs

Bruce Mayer, PE
Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu
Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics
1
Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-20_Lec-13_Fasteners.ppt
Skill-Development Goals
Define and Label the Parts of A Screw
Thread
Identify Various Screw Thread Forms
Draw Screws in Forms
Detailed
Schematic
Simplified
Properly Apply Screw Thread Technical

Specifications
2
Bruce Mayer, PE
Skill-Development Goals cont.

Identify Different Fasteners and
Describe Their Use
Draw the Various Types of Screw
Heads
Draw Springs in Front (longitudinal)
View using Break
Conventions

3
Bruce Mayer, PE
Threaded Fasteners
Threaded fasteners
Fastening is Joining Two or More Parts With

a Device or Process
Mechanical Fastening
Uitlizes a Manufactured
U.S. Fastening Demand $17 Bn- 2000
Device or Process
Nails, Staples
Structural
Threaded Fasteners
& Tacks
Adhesives
2%
use Cylindrical
11%
Soldering
Industrial
Surfaces with
3%
Fasteners
Mating Helical
47%
Laser
Cuts
17%
Welding/
Brazing
20%

4
Bruce Mayer, PE
Threaded Fasteners
Helical Threads Have Three Main

Applications
1. Used to HOLD parts together
The Classic Application
2. Used to ADJUST the Position of parts with

reference to one another
The Screw Adjustment knob
3. Used to TRANSMIT Power
e.g, screw Jack,

Worm Gear Drive

5
Bruce Mayer, PE
Screw Thread Terminology
Ref ASME B1.7M-1984 (R2001)

Nomenclature Definitions, and Letter
Symbols for Screw Threads

6
Bruce Mayer, PE
Common Tread forms

Joining
Joining
Pwr Xmission
Lite-Duty (e.g., Light Bulbs)

7
Bruce Mayer, PE
Thread Pitch
Metric Pitch in the Thread Designation

USA Pitch is Inverse of Thread Count
8
Bruce Mayer, PE
Unified (USA) Thread Series

The Unified System (UN) Adopted on 18Nov-1948 by the USA, UK , & Canada
Made fasteners Interchangeble
The UN Designation (Spec) has Two Main

Elements
The Major (outside) Diameter
Specified by Either
A size No. running from 0-12 (0.06-0.216 inches)
The Major Dia, in Fractional (ugh!) inches (-4 inches)
The Inverse Pitch in Threads per Inch

9
Bruce Mayer, PE
UN Thread Series 6 Total

1. COARSE Series (UNC or NC)
For General Use Where Rapid Assembly

is Required
Threads Engage, or Start Easily
2. FINE Series (UNF or NF)
For Applications Requiring Greater

Strength or Where the Length of
Engagement is Limited
Used Extensively in Aircraft and Automobile
Manufacturing

10
Bruce Mayer, PE
UN Thread Series cont

3. EXTRA FINE Series (UNEF or NEF)
For Highly Stressed Parts
4. 8N Series (8N)
A Substitute for Coarse-Thread Series for

Diameters larger Than 1
All diameters have
8 threads per inch.
Often Used on bolts
for high pressure
pipe applications.

11
Bruce Mayer, PE
UN Thread Series cont.2

5. 12N Series (12 UN or 12N)
A Continuation of the Fine-Thread Series

for Diameters Larger than 1.5
All diameters have 12 thds/in. Used in boiler
work and in Machine Construction.
6. 16N Series (16 UN or 16N)
A Continuation of the ExtraFine-Thread

Series for Diameters Larger than 2
All diameters have 16 thds/in. Used on
adjusting collars and other applications where
thread must have fine adjustment regardless
of diameter.

12
Bruce Mayer, PE
Screw Fastener Specification
Defaults That Need NOT be Part of Callout

NC or NF implied by Diameter & TPI
Class Default is 2A or 2B
Hand Default is RIGHT
13
Bruce Mayer, PE
UN Thread Classes
Two Types of Classes

A. Refers to EXTERNAL Threads (Bolts &
Screws)
B. Refers to INTERNAL Threads (Nuts &
Tapped holes)
Class Descriptions
1. Provide Liberal Allowance for Ease of
Assembly Even When Threads are Dirty
or Slightly Damaged
Not Commonly Used

14
Bruce Mayer, PE
UN Thread Classes cont
Class Descriptions cont.

2. For Commercially Produced bolts,
screws, nuts, and other threaded
fasteners
By Far the Most Commonly Used
3. Used in Precision Assemblies where a

Close Fit is Required to WithStand Stress
& Vibration
Typical Use is Aircraft

15
Bruce Mayer, PE
Metric Thread Specification
Note That Pitch is Stated Explicitly

Compares to Inverse Pitch (TPI) for Unified
Specification

16
Bruce Mayer, PE
Left & Right Hand Treads
Why LH Threads???
To Distinguish a Critical Connection
To Make One End of a Turn-Buckle
When Needed to Counter Loosening
Tendency of Rotating Machinery
17
Bruce Mayer, PE
Multiple Threads
Tread Advance per Turn (Lead) is a Multiple of the

Pitch
Used Where Quick Assembly is Needed
18
Bruce Mayer, PE
Detailed Thread Representation
Used when diameter of thread is 1 or

larger on plotted or Hand drawing.
Use ONLY When It is Important to
Show the Function of the Thread
Not Typical for Hand Drawings
19
Bruce Mayer, PE
Simplified & Schematic Forms

Best Overall
Imply depth of thread with hidden lines for

simplified representation
Use alternating LONG THIN & SHORT THICK
lines to represent ROOT & CREST lines in
schematic representation
Spacing is SCHEMATIC; need not Match Actual
Pitch
20
Bruce Mayer, PE
Representation Comparison
Detailed Very Laborious to Construct
Very Infrequently Used on Engineering
Drawings
Simplified Fast but Potentially

Confusing
Hidden Lines can be Mistaken for Object
Features
Schematic Best Overall

Fast To Draw, Clearly IDs the Threads
21
Bruce Mayer, PE
Threads in Section
Normal Practice is to NOT Section the

Fastener
22
Bruce Mayer, PE
Tapped Holes
To Avoid the use of a Thru-Hole & Nut,
The Parent Material of An object May
be Thread Tapped
That is, Threads are Cut Into the Side of a
Hole Drilled into the Base Material
Even Thin parts may tapped By Use of

A thru Hole
Rule of Thumb for the MINIMUM number of
threads = 3
For Light-Duty applications, can use 1.5
23
Bruce Mayer, PE
Forming Tapped Holes

24
Bruce Mayer, PE
Pipe Threads
Pipe Threads have An INTERFERENCE

TAPER that Results in PERMANENT Material
DEFOMATION That (Hopefully) Produces a
Fluid-Tight Seal at the Joint.
25
Bruce Mayer, PE
Pipe Thread Representations
Taper Should be Shown

Need Not be to Scale
26
Bruce Mayer, PE
Pipe Thread Representations
Only ONE TPI Spec for Pipe Threads

ASME B1.20.1-1983 = American National
Standard Taper Pipe Thread
National Pipe Thread (NPT) for Short

Callout Requires Only the NPT Notation,
Along with the Size
27
Bruce Mayer, PE
Bolts, Screws, and Studs

Does Anyone Know the Difference?
A BOLT is Used with A NUT
A SCREW is Used with A TAPPED hole
The Hole May be SELF-Tapped
e.g., Wood Screws
A STUD is a TREADED ROD that is

Inserted into a TAPPED HOLE to leave
Exposed a Threaded STEM
A Stud May Also be WELDED to a Surface
28
Bruce Mayer, PE
Bolt Proportions

29
Bruce Mayer, PE
Bolts Shown Across Flats

Bolts are usually
drawn across
corners, not across
flats as shown here.
Bolts are easier to
recognize without
confusion when
shown across
corners. Notice that
the hex bolt shown
across flats looks like
a square bolt shown
across corners.
30
Bruce Mayer, PE
Machine Screw Head Types
Slot Head Provides More Driving Torque, But Driver

is Hard to Center Not good for Power Driving
31
Bruce Mayer, PE
Threaded Inserts
Use With Soft Parent Materials Such as Aluminum,

Wood, Plastic
Bruce Mayer, PE
32
Insert Advantages
Greater clamping pressure in softer materials provides higher strength, better seals.
Better user of high-tensile-strength fasteners.
Resistance to vibration in assembly.
High-quality standard threads without tapping.
Permanent, wear-resistant threads.
Protective of expensive castings and moldings.
Reduced performance loss from cold flow of plastic.
Reduce risks in molding cycle.
Easy to install in a drilled or molded hole.
Suitable for automatic installation.
Wide variety of types to fit virtually
any application
33
Bruce Mayer, PE
Representing Springs
Note Difference in Ends

34
http://www.mech.uwa.edu.au/DANote
s/springs/intro/intro.html
Bruce Mayer, PE
Summary
Use detailed, schematic, or simplified
representations to show threads in drawings.
Detailed representation may be used for
threads shown over 1 in diameter on the
drawing.
Schematic or simplified representation does
not show the thread pitch & depth to scale.
They just give the appearance of threads in
the drawing.
SCHEMATIC Representation Preferred
Use Schematic or Detailed representation to

show SPRINGS.
35
Bruce Mayer, PE

Presentasi Teknologi Mekanik Minggu 7

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Presentasi Teknologi Mekanik Minggu 7

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Engineering 20

Fasteners & Springs

Properly Apply Screw Thread Technical

Skill-Development Goals cont.

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

Fastening is Joining Two or More Parts With

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

Helical Threads Have Three Main

The Classic Application

2. Used to ADJUST the Position of parts with

The Screw Adjustment knob

3. Used to TRANSMIT Power

e.g, screw Jack,

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

Screw Thread Terminology

Ref ASME B1.7M-1984 (R2001)

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

Common Tread forms

Lite-Duty (e.g., Light Bulbs)

Metric Pitch in the Thread Designation

Unified (USA) Thread Series

The UN Designation (Spec) has Two Main

The Inverse Pitch in Threads per Inch

UN Thread Series 6 Total

For General Use Where Rapid Assembly

2. FINE Series (UNF or NF)

For Applications Requiring Greater

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

UN Thread Series cont

For Highly Stressed Parts

A Substitute for Coarse-Thread Series for

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

UN Thread Series cont.2

A Continuation of the Fine-Thread Series

6. 16N Series (16 UN or 16N)

A Continuation of the ExtraFine-Thread

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

Screw Fastener Specification

Defaults That Need NOT be Part of Callout

Two Types of Classes

Not Commonly Used

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

UN Thread Classes cont

Class Descriptions cont.

By Far the Most Commonly Used

3. Used in Precision Assemblies where a

Typical Use is Aircraft

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

Metric Thread Specification

Note That Pitch is Stated Explicitly

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics

Left & Right Hand Treads

Tread Advance per Turn (Lead) is a Multiple of the

Detailed Thread Representation

Used when diameter of thread is 1 or

Simplified & Schematic Forms

Imply depth of thread with hidden lines for

Simplified Fast but Potentially

Schematic Best Overall

Normal Practice is to NOT Section the

Even Thin parts may tapped By Use of

Forming Tapped Holes

Engineering-20: Engineering Graphics