ANATOMY OF VESSEL

Dwi Cahyani Ratna Sari

Department of Anatomy

The cardiovascular
system

is a closed system
circulates blood throughout the body
There are two groups of blood vessels:
one supplies the lungs (the pulmonary circuit)
other supplies the rest of the body (the systemic
circuit)

Blood is pumped from the heart into both the

pulmonary and systemic (aortic) trunks
simultaneously

the pulmonary circuit

relatively small
begins at the pulmonary valve and ends at the
entrance to the left atrium
Pulmonary arteries that branch from the
pulmonary trunk carry blood to the lungs for
gas exchange

The systemic circuit

begins at the aortic valve and ends at the

entrance to the right atrium
Systemic arteries branch from the aorta and
distribute blood to all other organs for
nutrient
gas
waste exchange

VASA

Two type :
Vasa sanguena
Vasa lymphatica

Vasa sanguena

Consist of :
arteria
vena
kapiler

Size

aorta
arteri
arteriola

vena cava
vena
venula

Distinguishing
Arteries from
Veins ??

Blood Vessels

Arteries (conducting & distributing vessels)

Arterioles (resistance vessels)
Capillaries (exchange vessels)
Venules (capacitance &
Veins
reservoir vessels)

Vessel number & size

The aorta: single, diameter: 30 mm in adult,

sectional area: 7cm2
Arteries: hundreds, diameter decrease,
sectional area increase
Arterioles: + 4 millions,
diameter: 10 mikrometer,
total cross sectional area: 150 cm 2 or more
than 200 x aorta

Vessel number & size

Capillaries : + 16 millions
Venules
: + 4 millions
Veins
: hundreds
Vena cava : superior & inferior

ARTERY and VEIN

Arteries

The wall consist of:

tunica interna
tunica media (maintains elasticity &

contractility)
tunica externa

Large: elastic/conducting arteries

the wall : thin in proportion to the

diameter
t. media :more elastic fibers, less smooth
muscle
the least : a. vertebralis, a. liaca
communis

Medium: muscular/distributing
arteries

the wall : relatively thick due to amount

of muscle
t. media : more smooth muscle than

Arterioles

Arterioles are small arteries

that deliver blood to
capillaries
Through constriction and
dilatation they assume a key
role in regulating blood flow
from arteries into capillaries.

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels through

which materials are exchanged
between blood and tissues cells
Capillaries branch to form an
extensive capillary network
throughout the tissue
This network increases the
surface area, allowing a rapid
exchange of large quantities of
materials
Precapillary sphincters regulate
blood flow through capillaries

Venules

small vessels that continue from

capillaries and merge to form
veins
drain blood from capillaries into
veins

vein

consist of the same three tunics

as arteries, but have less elastic
tissue and smooth muscle
contain valves to prevent
backflow of blood, weak valve
can lead to varicose veins or
hemorrhoids
venous sinuses: veins with very
thin walls

Distinguishing Arteries
from Veins
In general, the walls of arteries are thicker.
The media of an artery contains more smooth muscle and
elastic fibers
2. When not opposed by blood pressure, arterial walls contract;
when seen on dissection arteries appear smaller , but relatively
thick and strong, they retain their circular shape in section.
Cut veins tend to collapse, often look flattened or grossly
distorted
3. The endothelial lining of an artery cannot contract, so when an
artery constricts, the endothelium is thrown into folds that give
arterial sections a pleated appearance. The lining of a vein
lacks these folds
1.

Distinguishing Arteries from

Veins

capillaries

continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillaries
sinusoids
capillary bed or capillary plexus

capillaries
Continuous
capillaries

are found in most

regions of the body
the endothelium is a
complete lining, and
the endothelial cells
are connected by tight
junctions and
desmosomes

Fenestrated
capillaries

the choroid plexus of the

brain, the hypothalamus,
the pituitary, the pineal, the
suprarenals, and the
thyroid gland, at filtration
sites in the kidneys
contain windows, or pores
in their walls, due to an
incomplete or perforated
endothelial lining

Sinusoids

resemble fenestrated capillaries except they

have larger pores and a thinner basal lamina
flattened and irregular and follow the internal
contours of complex organs
permit an extensive exchange of fluids and large
solutes, including suspended proteins, between
blood and interstitial fluid. Blood moves through
sinusoids relatively slowly, maximizing the time
available for absorption and secretion across the
sinusoidal walls.
found in the liver, bone marrow, and suprarenal
glands

Organization of a Capillary Bed

The Distribution of Blood

The total blood volume is unevenly

distributed among arteries, veins, and
capillaries
The heart, arteries, and capillaries
normally contain 3035 percent of the
blood volume (roughly 1.5 L of whole
blood),
the venous system contains the rest (65
70 percent or around 3.5 L)

The Distribution of Blood in the Cardiovascular

System

Blood Vessel Distribution

The blood vessels of the body can be divided into
the pulmonary circuit
the systemic circuit
The pulmonary circuit is composed of arteries and veins
that transport blood between the heart and the lungs, a
relatively short distance
The arteries and veins of the systemic circuit transport
oxygenated blood between the heart and all other
tissues, a round-trip that involves much longer distances

The Pulmonary Circuit

contains about 9 percent of the total

blood volume
begins at the pulmonary valve and ends
at the entrance to the left atrium. In the
pulmonary circuit
Compared with the systemic circuit, the
pulmonary circuit is relatively short; the
base of the pulmonary trunk and the
lungs are only about 15 cm (6 in.) apart

Anatomy of the pulmonary

The Systemic Circuit

begins at the aortic valve and ends at the

entrance to the right atrium
It supplies the capillary beds in all parts
of the body not supplied by the
pulmonary circuit and, at any given
moment, contains about 84 percent of
the total blood volume

An Overview of
the Systemic
Arterial System