RISK MANAGEMENT & ASSESSMENT

Sub topics
RISK MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT
2.1
Introduction to Risk Management
2.2
Risk Assessment Techniques
2.3
HIRARC

2.1

Introduction to Risk
Management

System/ Process Review

Documentation

Risk
Management

LEGAL

ACCIDENT&
NEARMISSES

FEEDBACK&
COMPLAIN

INSPECTION
&AUDIT

HIRARC
SOP
INTERNAL
POLICY
AUDIT

ERP
SAFETY
COMMITTEE

TRANING

MANAGEMENTPROGRAM

 Principles

used in workplace to manage

safety and health.
Section 15 (2)(a) of OSHA 1994:
which reads the provision and
maintenance of plants and systems of
work that are,so far as is practicable,
safe and without risks to health

What is risk?

OHSAS 18001:1999

It is a combination of the likelihood and consequence

of a specified hazardous event occurring.

Definition of the Risk

Risk means a combination of the likelihood of an

occurrence of a hazardous event with

specified period or in specified circumstances and
the severity of injury or damage to
the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these

caused by the event.

Individual Perceptions
Risk is a very individual concept.
It is different for every one.
Consider the activity of driving.
On a scale of 1-5 how would you rate driving as a daily activity?
For a Grand Prix Driver?
A Taxi Driver?
My 88 year old grandmother?

Risk
Risk is often viewed very differently from individual to individual.
Another thing to consider is that peoples perceptions change as
familiarity increases the perception of a hazard and its risks change.

Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a specified hazardous

event occurring. In mathematical term, risk can be calculated by the equation

Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Where,
Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific period or in specified
circumstances and,
Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or health of
people, or damage to property, or insult to environment, or any combination of
those caused by the event

Risk Assessment
Risk assessment means the process of evaluating

the risks to safety and health arising from hazards at

work.

Risk Assessment

Risk Management
Risk management means the total procedure associated

with
identifying a hazard,
assessing the risk,
putting in place control measures, and
reviewing the outcomes.

Hazard Definition
It is a source or situation with a potential for harm in
terms of injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the workplace environment, or a
combination of both.
OHSAS 18001:1999
How can a person be a
walking hazardous
condition?

Hazard Control
Hazard control means the process of implementing

measures to reduce the risk associated with a hazard.

Hierarchy of Control
Hierarchy of control means the established priority order

for the types of measures to be used to control risks.

Hazard identification means the identification of
undesired events that lead to the materialization of the
hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired
events could occur.

Hazard Identification
Hazard identification means the identification of

undesired events that lead to the materialization of the

hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired
events could occur.

Hazard Identification

2.2

Risk Assessment Techniques

Risk Assessment Techniques

The most fundamental risk assessment activity, called an

informal risk assessment, occurs when workers are

asked to think about the hazards in the workplace
before work commences,
determine what could go wrong, and
report or fix the hazards.

Risk Assessment Techniques

More formal risk management activities require

structured procedures, often focusing on work processes

that involve multiple levels of an organization.
These activities are practiced at some industries and are

typically organized by an operations safety official and

developed with the help of individuals familiar with the
work practice in question.

Informal Risk Assessment Techniques

Most informal risk assessment techniques consist of

multiple steps where the worker is asked to look for

hazards, determine the significance of the hazard, and
take some action to mitigate the risk.

Informal Risk Assessment Techniques

Many systems have been proposed and are widely used in
industries. Examples include, but are not limited to:
Stop-Look-Analyze-Manage (SLAM) asks workers to stop

and consider the work process before it is started, examine

the work environment, analyze the work process, and
manage the risk.
Take-Two for Safety calls for persons to take 2 minutes to
think through a job before it starts
Five-Point Safety System compels employees to take
responsibility for the safety within workplace
Take Time, Take Charge requires miners to stop, think,
assess and respond to hazards in their workplace.

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques are

characterized by the requirement to follow a structured

process that occurs prior to performing specific higher risk
work activities.
These techniques also require documentation that allows

management to monitor and audit individual risk

assessment activities.

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques

The most commonly used basic-formal risk assessment

technique is the Job Safety Analysis (JSA).

A JSA typically leads to development of Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP) that define how to best
approach a task considering the hazards identified in the
JSA.
A JSA is a technique used to identify, analyze and record
the specific steps involved in performing a work activity
that could have hazards associated with it.
JSAs are typically performed on work processes with the
highest risk for a workplace injury or illness.

Basic-formal risk assessment techniques

Other techniques similar to JSAs include Job Hazard

Analysis (JHA), Critical Task Analysis (CTA), and Job

Hazard Breakdown (JHB).
An SOP is a set of instructions that act as a directive,
covering those features of operations that lend themselves
to a standardized procedure.
An SOP is typically a set of instructions or steps a worker
follows to complete a job safely and in a way that maximizes
operational and production requirements.
SOPs can be written for work processes by the individual or
group performing the activity, by someone with expertise in
the work process, or by the person who supervises the work
process.

Risk Analysis Techniques and Tools

When conducting an Major Hazards Risk Assessment

(MHRA) several risk analysis techniques and tools may

be needed. A brief description of the most common tools
follows.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)
Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)
Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)
Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

The Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

tool is a broad-brush risk ranking approach, allowing the

user to focus on the highest risk.
As applied to a MHRA, this structured preliminary analysis
begins by breaking down the process associated with the
potential major hazards in some logical manner.
This is often accomplished using a flow chart or process
mapping technique where the potential major hazards of
each step in a work process are identified.

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

For example, in the mining process could be a breakdown

of a major project or a geographical breakdown of the

underground mine.
JSAs and SOPs can be used as a framework for the

WRAC analysis.

1. Workplace Risk Assessment and Control (WRAC)

An example of a WRAC risk ranking form
After preliminary analysis, the team then considers each breakdown segment
of the mining process and identifies the potential unwanted events associated
with the identified hazards (Figure below).
The likelihood and
consequence of
each stage are
determined using
some variation of a
risk matrix, followed
by a risk rating
calculation.

2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is another broad-

brush risk ranking approach.

Like the WRAC, this tool identifies all potential hazards
and unwanted events that may lead to miner injuries and
ranks the identified events according to their severity.
Its main purpose is to identify those unwanted events that
should be subjected to further, more detailed risk analysis.
Once the potential unwanted events are risk ranked by
the team, they can be prioritized so that the highest risk
unwanted event is listed first and so on.

2. Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)

The Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) Form

3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

Generally, an FMEA is used to determine where failures

can occur within hardware and process systems and to

assess the impact of such failures.
For each item, the failure modes of individual items are
determined, effects on other items and systems are
recognized, criticality is ranked, and the control is
identified

3. Failure Modes, Effects and Analysis (FMEA)

Item-by-item risk assessment worksheet for FMEA

4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)

The Fault and Logic Tree Analysis are systematic, logical

developments of many contributing factors to one

unwanted event.
The FTA evaluates the one unwanted event while the LTA
evaluates a wanted outcome.
With both tools it is necessary to first clearly define the top
event, followed by an analysis of the major potential
contributing factors. Each contributing factor is broken
down into discrete parts.

4. Fault / Logic Tree Analysis (FTA/LTA)

5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Hazard and Operability Studies or HAZOPs have been

used extensively in the chemical industries to examine

what impact deviations can have on a process.
The basic assumption when performing a HAZOP is that
normal and standard conditions are safe and hazards
occur only when there is a deviation from normal
conditions.
A HAZOP can be conducted during any stage of a project
although it is most beneficial during the later stages of
design.

5. Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Process analysis form for a HAZOP
Typically a process or instrumentation diagram is used to trace the properties
of materials or products through a plant by breaking down the process node by
node

The properties can be flow, level, pressure, concentration or temperature. Whatif guidewords are used to identify possible deviations. A HAZOP typically lacks a
risk calculation.

6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

The Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) was developed by Shell Oil in

the 1980s as part of its Tripod package of concepts and

tools for managing occupational health and safety in its
business.
The Top Event in the BTA is a statement about the
initiating event that might lead to the major consequence
Threats (also referred to as potential causes) are discussed
and controls examined that could mitigate the hazard (left
side of the bow tie).
Next, the consequences (also referred to as the potential
outcomes) of the initiating unwanted event are identified and
recovery control measures examined to reduce or minimize
the loss (right side of the bow tie).

6. Bow Tie Analysis (BTA)

Bow Tie Analysis (BTA) method

2.3

HIRARC

Introduction to HIRARC
In recent years, Hazard Identification, Risk

Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) has become

fundamental to the practice of planning, management and
the operation of a business as a basic of risk
management.
The organizations that have carried out risk assessment

at the work place have noted numerous changes in their

working practice.

Introduction to HIRARC
Those who have already carried out risk assessment in their

work, have reported positive changes in their working

practice, they recognize substandard act and working
condition as they develop and take necessary corrective
action.
Legislation requires that this process should be systematic

and be recorded so that the results are reliable and the

analysis complete.
The risk assessment process should be continuous and

should not be regarded as a one-off exercise.

What does HIRARC means?

Hazard Identification (HI) the identification of

undesired event that lead to the materialization of the

hazard and the mechanism by which those undesired
event could event
Risk Assessment (RA) The process of evaluating the

risk to safety and health arising from hazards at work

Risk Control (RC) the methods used to reduce the

amount of inherent risk or to manage the risk

Purpose of HIRARC
The purposes of HIRARC are as follows:1.

To identify all the factors that may cause harm to

employees and others (the hazards);

2.

To consider what the chances are of that harm actually be

falling anyone in the circumstances of a particular case and
the possible severity that could come from it (the risks); and

3.

To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor

preventive measures to ensure that the risks are adequately
controlled at all times.

Planning of HIRARC Activities

HIRARC activities shall be plan and conducted
1. For situation
i. where hazard appear to pose significant
threat;
ii. uncertain whether existing controls are
adequate; or/and
iii. before implementing corrective or
preventive measures.
2. By organization intending to continuously improve
OSH Management System.

Process of HIRARC
HIRARC process that requires 4 simple steps
1.
2.
3.

4.

classify work activities;

identify hazard;
conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from
each hazard), by calculating or estimating i. likelihood of occurrence, and
ii. severity of hazard;
decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if
necessary).

Flowchart of HIRARC Process

Step 1 - Classify Work Activities

Classify work activities in accordance with their similarity,
such as i. geographical or physical areas within/outside premises;
ii. stages in production/service process;
iii. not too big e.g. building a car;
iv. not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or
v. defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing, fixing the door.

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

The purpose of hazard identification is to highlight the

critical operations of tasks, that is, those tasks posing

significant risks to the health and safety of
employees as well as highlighting those hazards
pertaining to certain equipment due to energy sources,
working conditions or activities performed.
Hazards can be divided into FIVE (5) main groups,
physical hazards, chemical hazards, ergonomic
hazards, psychosocial hazards and biological hazards.

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Physical hazards are the most common and will be

present in most workplaces at one time or another. They

include unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness
and death.
They are typically easiest to spot but, sadly, too often
overlooked because of familiarity (there are always cords
running across the aisles), lack of knowledge (they aren't
seen as hazards), resistance to spending time or money
to make necessary improvements or simply delays in
making changes to remove the hazards (waiting until
tomorrow or a time when "we're not so busy").

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Examples of physical hazards include:
electrical hazards: frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring
unguarded machinery and moving machinery parts: guards removed

or moving parts that a worker can accidentally touch

constant loud noise
high exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays, heat or cold
working from heights, including ladders, scaffolds, roofs, or any
raised work area
working with mobile equipment such as fork lifts (operation of fork lifts
and similar mobile equipment in the workplace requires significant
additional training and experience)
spills on floors or tripping hazards, such as blocked aisle or cords
running across the floor.

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Chemical hazards are present when a worker is exposed

to any chemical preparation in the workplace in any form

(solid, liquid or gas). Some are safer than others, but to
some workers who are more sensitive to chemicals, even
common solutions can cause illness, skin irritation or
breathing problems.

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Beware of:
liquids like cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents especially
chemicals in an unlabelled container (warning sign!)
vapours and fumes, for instance those that come from welding or
exposure to solvents
gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and helium
flammable materials like gasoline, solvents and explosive
chemicals.

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Ergonomic hazards occur when the type of work, body

position and working conditions put strain on your body.

They are the hardest to spot since you don't always
immediately notice the strain on your body or the harm
these hazards pose. Short-term exposure may result in
"sore muscles" the next day or in the days following
exposure, but long term exposure can result in serious
long-term injuries.

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Ergonomic hazards include:
poor lighting
improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
frequent lifting
poor posture
awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
repeating the same movements over and over
having to use too much force, especially if you have to do it

frequently.

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Psychosocial hazards include but arent limited to

stress, violence and other workplace stressors.

Work is generally beneficial to mental health and personal
wellbeing. For example; Alcohol in the workplace
Bullying in the workplace
Customer aggression
Driver fatigue
Remote or isolated work
Work-related mental stress

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Biological hazards come from working with animals, people or

infectious plant materials. Work in day care, hospitals, hotel

laundry and room cleaning, laboratories, veterinary offices and
nursing homes may expose you to biological hazards.
The types of things you may be exposed to include:
blood or other body fluids
fungi
bacteria and viruses
plants
insect bites
animal and bird droppings.

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Biological hazards come from working with animals, people or

infectious plant materials. Work in day care, hospitals, hotel

laundry and room cleaning, laboratories, veterinary offices and
nursing homes may expose you to biological hazards.
The types of things you may be exposed to include:
blood or other body fluids
fungi
bacteria and viruses
plants
insect bites
animal and bird droppings.

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

Hazard identification technique
The employer shall develop a hazard identification and
assessment methodology taking into account the
following documents and information i. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;
ii. first aid records and minor injury records;
iii. work place health protection programs;
iv.
any results of work place inspections;
Continue

Step 2 - Identify Hazard

v. any employee complaints and comments;
vi.
any government or employer reports, studies and
tests concerning the health and safety of employees;
vii. any reports made under the regulation of Occupational
Safety and Health Act,1994
viii. the record of hazardous substances; and
ix. any other relevant information.

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk is the determination of likelihood and severity

of the credible accident/event sequences in order to

determine magnitude and to priorities identified hazards.
It can be done by
qualitative,
quantitative or
semi quantitative method.

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)
A qualitative analysis uses words to describe the

magnitude of potential severity and the likelihood that

those severity will occur.
These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit the
circumstances and different descriptions may be used for
different risks.
This method uses expert knowledge and experience to
determine likelihood and severity category.

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)
In semi-quantitative analysis, qualitative scales such as

those described above are given values. The objective is

to produce a more expanded ranking scale than is usually
achieved in qualitative analysis, not to suggest
realistic values for risk such as is attempted in
quantitative analysis.

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)
Quantitative analysis uses numerical values (rather than the

descriptive scales used in qualitative and semi-quantitative

analysis) for both severity and likelihood using data from a
variety of sources such as past accident experience and from
scientific research.
Severity may be determined by modeling the outcomes of an
event or set of events, or by extrapolation from experimental
studies or past data.
The way in which severity and likelihood are expressed and the
ways in which they are combined to provide a level of risk will vary
according to the type of risk and the purpose for which the risk
assessment output is to be used. In this note qualitative and semi
quantitative method uses as an example.

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)

Likelihood of an occurrence
This value is based on the likelihood of an event

occurring.
You may ask the question How many times has this
event happened in the past?
Assessing likelihood is based worker experience,
analysis or measurement.
Likelihood levels range from most likely to
inconceivable.

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)
Table below indicates likelihood using the following

values.

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK

KEBARANGKALIAN (LIKELIHOOD)
5 : KERAP

KEGAGALAN KERAP BERLAKU

4 : SELALU

KEGAGALAN SELALU BERLAKU

3 : PERNAH BERLAKU

PERNAH BERLAKU KEGAGALAN, TETAPI

TIDAK BESAR

2 : SEKALI-SEKALI

JARANG BERLAKU DI DALAM ORGANISASI

YANG SAMA/DALAM NEGARA

1 : JARANG

JARANG BERLAKU MUNGKIN DI NEGARA

LAIN

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)

Severity of hazard
Severity can be divided into five categories. Severity are
based upon an increasing level of severity to an
individuals health, the environment, or to property.
Table below indicates severity.

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)

Severity of hazard

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK

KESAN AKIBAT (CONSEQUENCE)

5: BENCANA

KEMATIAN

4: BESAR

HILANG UPAYA KEKAL

3: SEDERHANA

KECEDERAAN SEDERHANA, > 4 HARI CUTI

SAKIT

2: KECIL

KECEDERAAN KECIL, HINGGA 4 HARI CUTI

SAKIT

1: SEDIKIT

FIRST AID

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)

Risk assessment
Risk can be presented in variety of ways to communicate the

results of analysis to make decision on risk control. For risk

analysis that uses likelihood and severity in qualitative method,
presenting result in a risk matrix is a very effective way of
communicating the distribution of the risk throughout a plant
and area in a workplace.
Risk can be calculated using the following formula:

L x S = Relative Risk
L = Likelihood
S = Severity

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk Matrix (Likelihood vs. Severity)

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK RISIKO
RPN : RISK PRIORITY
NUMBER,
1 (SANGAT RENDAH)
25 (SANGAT TINGGI)

KEBARANGKALIAN

KESAN AKIBAT

1
JARANG

2
SEKALISEKALI

3
PERNAH
BERLAKU

4
SELALU

5
KERAP

1: SEDIKIT

2: KECIL

10

3: SEDERHANA

12

15

4: BESAR

12

16

20

5: BENCANA

10

15

20

25

Dapatkan RPN : Risk Priority Number berdasarkan kebarangkalian dan kesan akibat

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK

Step 3 - Conduct Risk Assessment

(Analyze and estimate risk)
Risk & Action Level

Source: NIOSH RAM - NIOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

Menetapkan RISIKO (berasaskan RPN)

RISIKO
SANGAT
TINGGI
(15-25)

TINDAKAN
BERITAHU PIHAK PENGURUSAN SEGERA
HAPUSKAN : TIDAK BOLEH
DIBIARKAN;
PERLU
KAWALAN SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG
LEBIH BERKESAN

TINGGI
(8-14)

BERITAHU KETUA JABATAN. PERLU KAWALAN

SEGERA DAN JANGKA PANJANG YANG LEBIH
BERKESAN

SEDERHANA
(4-7)

BERITAHU HAZARDS KEPADA PEKERJA;

TOOL BOX MEETING; SAFE BEHAVIOUR; JSA
KAWALANN JANGKA PANJANG BERKESAN

RENDAH
(1-3)

RISIKO BOLEH DITERIMA; UMUMNYA TIDAK PERLU

TINDAKAN; KEKALKAN KAWALAN SEDIA ADA

Source: DOSH RAM - DOSH RISK ASSESSMENT

MATRIK

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control

measures (Risk Control).
Risk control is the elimination or inactivation of a hazard

in a manner such that the hazard does not pose a risk to

workers who have to enter into an area or work on
equipment in the course of scheduled work.

Risk Control

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control

measures (Risk Control).
Hazards should be controlled at their source (where the

problem is created). The closer a control to the source of

the hazard is the better. This method is often referred to
as applying engineering controls.

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control

measures (Risk Control).
If this does not work, hazards can often be

controlled along the path to the worker, between

the source and the worker. This method can be
referred to as applying administrative controls.
If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled

at the level of the worker through the use of

personal protective equipment (PPE), although
this is the least desirable control.

Step 4 - Decide if risk is tolerable and apply control

measures (Risk Control).
If this does not work, hazards can often be

controlled along the path to the worker, between

the source and the worker. This method can be
referred to as applying administrative controls.
If this is not possible, hazards must be controlled

at the level of the worker through the use of

personal protective equipment (PPE), although
this is the least desirable control.

Selecting a suitable control

Selecting a control often involves
a. evaluating and selecting short and long term controls;
b. implementing short-term measures to protect workers until
permanent controls can be put in place; and
c.
implementing long term controls when reasonably
practicable.
For example, suppose a noise hazard is identified.
Short-term controls might require workers to use hearing
protection.
Long term, permanent controls might remove or isolate the
noise source.

HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Elimination
Substitution
Isolation
Engineering Controls
Administrative Controls
Provide Personal Protective Equipment .

Hierarchy of Control
(1) Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool,
process, machine or substance is perhaps the best way of
protecting workers. For example, a salvage firm might
decide to stop buying and cutting up scrapped bulk fuel
tanks due to explosion hazards.

Hierarchy of Control
(2) Substitution - Sometimes doing the same work in a
less hazardous way is possible. For example, a
hazardous chemical can be replaced with a less
hazardous one. Controls must protect workers from any
new hazards that are created.

Hierarchy of Control
(3) Isolation - If a hazard cannot be eliminated or
replaced, it can some times be isolated, contained or
otherwise kept away from workers. For example, an
insulated and air-conditioned control room can protect
operators from a toxic chemical.

Hierarchy of Control
(4) Engineering control
Redesign- Jobs and processes can be reworked to make

them safer. For example, containers can be made easier

to hold and lift.
Automation - Dangerous processes can be automated
or mechanized. For example, computer-controlled
robots can handle spot welding operations in car plants.
Care must be taken to protect workers from robotic
hazards.
Continue..

Hierarchy of Control
(4) Engineering control
Barriers - A hazard can be blocked before it reaches workers.
For example, special curtains can prevent eye injuries from
welding arc radiation. Proper equipment guarding will protect
workers from contacting moving parts.
Absorption - Baffles can block or absorb noise. Lockout
systems can isolate energy sources during repair and
maintenance. Usually, the further a control keeps a
hazard away from workers, the more effective it is.
Dilution - Some hazards can be diluted or dissipated. For
example, ventilation systems can dilute toxic gasses before
they reach operators.

Hierarchy of Control
(5) Administrative controls
Safe work procedures - Workers can be required to use

standardized safety practices. The employer is expected to ensure that

workers follow these practices. Work procedures must be periodically
reviewed with workers and updated.
Supervision and training Initial training on safe work procedures and
refresher training should be offered. Appropriate supervision to assist
workers in identifying possible hazards and evaluating work procedures.
Job rotations and other procedures can reduce the time that workers
are exposed to a hazard. For example, workers can be rotated through
jobs requiring repetitive tendon and muscle movements to prevent
cumulative trauma injuries. Noisy processes can be scheduled when
no one is in the workplace.
Continue..

Hierarchy of Control
(5) Administrative controls
Housekeeping, repair and maintenance programs Housekeeping includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill
cleanup. Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to
cause injury if they are kept clean and well maintained.
Hygiene - Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic
materials being absorbed by workers or carried home to their
families. Street clothing should be kept in separate lockers to
avoid being contaminated by work clothing. Eating areas must
be segregated from toxic hazards. Eating should be forbidden
in toxic work areas. Where applicable, workers should be
required to shower and change clothes at the end of the shift.

Hierarchy of Control
(6) Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used
when other controls measures are not feasible and where
additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained
to use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and
workers must understand the limitations of the personal
protective equipment. The employer is expected to
require workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment
is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a
workers health by providing an illusion of protection.

Hierarchy of Control
(6) Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) and clothing is used
when other controls measures are not feasible and where
additional protection is needed. Workers must be trained
to use and maintain equipment properly. The employer and
workers must understand the limitations of the personal
protective equipment. The employer is expected to
require workers to use their equipment whenever it is
needed. Care must be taken to ensure that equipment
is working properly. Otherwise, PPE may endanger a
workers health by providing an illusion of protection.

Principle of Control

Substitution
Modify process
Enclosure
Local exhaust
Fugitive
emission control
Isolation

Housekeeping
General
ventilation
Continuous area
monitoring
Dilution
ventilation
Automation or
remote control

Training and
education
Worker rotation
Enclosure of
worker
Personal
monitoring
Personal
protective devices

PENGAWALAN RISIKO
Semua risiko
perlu di
kurangkan

RISIKO
SangatTinggi

TIDAK BOLEH
DITERIMA

Tinggi

As
Low

Sederhana

As
Reasonably
Practicable.

KURANGKAN
SERENDAH YANG
MUNGKIN

Rendah
BOLEH DITERIMA

HIRARKI
HIRARKI LANGKAH
LANGKAH KAWALAN
KAWALAN
1. Hapuskan hazard

Contohnya, menukar peralatan yang bising, elakkan

menggunakan bahan atau mesin berbahaya,

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

2. Tukar sesuatu kepada

yang kurang berisiko

Contohnya mengangkat beban yang lebih ringan,

gunakan bahan kimia kurang berbahaya, menukar dari
forklift petrol kepada elektrik, gunakan penyedut
hampagas dari penyapu

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

3. Asingkan hazard

Contohnya mengadakan penghadang sekeliling

tumpahan sehingga dicuci, meletakkan mesin fotostat di
bilik berpengundaraan

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

4. Guna kawalan
kejuruteraan

Contohnya menggunakan troli untuk bawa beban berat,

memasang pengadang bahagian jentera berputar

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, kemudian

5. Guna kawalan
pentadbiran

Contohnya mengadakan pusingan kerja, tugasan pendek,

pastikan peralatan diselanggara, amalan kerja selamat,
arahan dan latihan.

Sekiranya tidak praktikal, akhirnya

6.Guna peralatan
perlindungan diri

Contohnya mengadakan perlindungan bising dan mata,

helmet keselamatan, sarung tangan

Monitoring controls
The effectiveness of controls must be checked regularly.

Evaluate and monitor hazard controls during inspections,

routine maintenance, and other activities. Ask the following
questions
a. have the controls solved the problem?
b. is any risk to workers posed by the controls contained?
c. are all new hazards being identified?
d. are significant, new hazards appropriately controlled?
e. are accident reports being analyzed?
f. are any other measures required?
Document control activities to track their effectiveness, if

necessary re-evaluate hazards and implement new control

measures.

MONITORING AND REVIEW

KEY POINT
A review follow-up is always essential.
Review is an important aspect of any risk
management process.
It is essential to review what has been done to
ensure that the controls put in place are effective

CONCLUSION
Hazard identification, risk assessment, control and review
is not a task that is completed and then forgotten about.
Hazard identification should be properly documented even
in the simplest of situations
Risk assessment should include a careful assessment
of both likelihood and severity/consequence.
Control measures should conform to the recommendations of
the hierarchy of control.
The risk management process is an on going one.

Contoh 1 (Hirarc)
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control

Kerja formwork- acuan (satu contoh)

Aktiviti terlibat:
1. Mengangkat
2. Menyimpan Sementara
3. Membersih
4. Memasang
5. Memeriksa
6. Menyimen
7. Membuka

Kerja formwork- acuan (satu contoh)

K: Kebarangkalian
KA: Kesan Akibat
R: Risiko

Kerja formwork- acuan (satu contoh)

Contoh 2 (Hirarc)
Wood panel cutting process
A team of two workers operates a cross-cut saw machine. Their

work includes loading wood panel onto the machine, cutting the
wood and unloading the cut wood. They also need to repair and
maintain the machine regularly as well as to change the blades of
the machine.
(Caution: This example may not be applicable to similar work in
your workplace).