Electron Configurations
The designation of the orbital occupied by all of
the electrons in the atom.
It refers to the arrangement of the electrons in
the atom
Electron configurations tells us in which orbital
the electrons for an element are located.
The distribution of electrons for any atom can be
written symbolically putting electrons into orbital
one by one according to the following three
principles.
South
Hunds Rule
Within a sublevel, place one electron
per orbital before pairing them.
Empty Bus Seat Rule
WRONG
RIGHT
4s
3d
Electron Configurations
The electron configuration of an atom is a
method of writing the location of electrons by
sublevel.
The sublevel is written followed by a superscript
with the number of electrons in the sublevel.
If the 2p sublevel contains 2 electrons, it is written 2p2
Electron Configurations
and the Periodic Table
The periodic table can be used as a guide for electron
configurations.
Groups 1A and 2A have the s-orbital filled.
Groups 3A - 8A have the p-orbital filled.
Groups 3B - 2B have the d-orbital filled.
The lanthanides and actinides have the f-orbital filled.
Periodic Patterns
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1s
2s
2p
3s
d (n-1)
4s
3d
4p
5s
4d
5p
6s
5d
6p
7s
6d
7p
6
(n-2) 7
3p
4f
5f
1s
Valence Electrons
When an atom undergoes a chemical reaction,
only the outermost electrons are involved.
These electrons are of the highest energy and are
furthest away from the nucleus. These are the
valence electrons.
The valence electrons are the s and p electrons
beyond the noble gas core.
Chemical Bonds
Electrostatic force that holds the atom in a
compound or molecule
This result from the gain and loss of electron or
from the sharing of electron between atoms.
The stability of an atoms to form bonds is
known as valence.
The combining capacity (valence) of an
element is determined by the number of
electrons in the outermost level of the atom.
Octet rule atom gain, loss or share valence
electron in order to end up with eight valence
electron.
Electronegativity
A measure of how strongly the atoms
attract electrons in a bond.
The bigger the electronegativity difference
the more polar the bond.
0.0 - 0.3 = Covalent non-polar bond
0.4 - 1.67 = Covalent polar bond
Greather than1.67 = Ionic bond
Ionic Charge
Recall, that atoms lose or gain electrons to form
ions.
The charge of an ion is related to the number of
valence electrons on the atom.
Group IA/1 metals lose their one valence electron
to form 1+ ions.
Na Na+ + e-
Conclusions Continued
We can Write the electron configuration of an
element based on its position on the periodic
table.
Valence electrons are the outermost electrons and
are involved in chemical reactions.
We can write electron dot formulas for elements
which indicate the number of valence electrons.
Conclusions Continued
We can predict the charge on the ion of an
element from its position on the periodic table.
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
6s
6p
6d
7s
10
10
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d