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page 1
Volcano monitoring
Traditional approach: Bulky and sensitive sensors
collecting info. into flash drives. Field researchers
periodically harvest data
Volcano sensing required high fidelity and high
data rates (compared to other environment
monitoring such as temperature).
100 Hz with 24 bit accuracy
Design decision to either transmit or capture - assuming
back-to-back events will be rare
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page 2
Evaluation
Overall network uptime
Higher for sensors than for the base station. Frequent
trips to replace batteries on the sensors. Base stations
lost wall-power frequently
page 3
Lessons learnt
Ground truth and self-validation are important
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page 4
Vigilnet Applications
Wildlife Monitoring
Alarm System
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Flock Protection
Border Surveillance
Power Consumption: An
Important Issue in
Surveillance Systems
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Low Level
Vibrations as a Power Source for Wireless Sensor
Network, Computer Communications, 2003.
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Power Management in
VigilNet
Sentry
Service
Duty Cycle
Scheduling
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Network
Level
Group
Level
Node
Level
9
(10ms)
Sleep
1% Wakeup
Sleep
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DATA
CRC
10
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11
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Asleep
Awake
Sentry
12
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13
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14
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15
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Target
Detection
Probability
Sensing Radius=20m
Sensing Radius=8m
Sensing Radius=2m
10
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100
Number of Sentries in
Area
1,000
17
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18
Awake
(200ms)
Asleep
(800ms)
Toggle Period
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Asleep
Awake
Sentry
20
Target Detection
Probability
100%
20%
21
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Awake
Sentry
Tripwire
23
Scheduling
Each base station defines a tripwire; a node pertains
to the tripwire associated with the closest base.
Tripwire
Node
Base Station
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Tripwire
Node
Base Station
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Tripwire
2
Tripwire
3
Tripwire
4
Tripwire
5
Tripwire
6
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Tripwire
2
Tripwire
3
Tripwire
4
Tripwire
5
Tripwire
6
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Tripwire
2
Tripwire
3
Tripwire
4
Tripwire
5
Tripwire
6
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Tripwire
2
Tripwire
3
Tripwire
4
Tripwire
5
Tripwire
6
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Tripwire
2
Tripwire
3
Tripwire
4
Tripwire
5
Tripwire
6
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30
Tripwire
2
Tripwire
3
Tripwire
4
Tripwire
5
Tripwire
6
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Tripwire
2
Tripwire
3
Tripwire
4
Tripwire
5
Tripwire
6
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Tripwire
2
Tripwire
3
Tripwire
4
Tripwire
5
Tripwire
6
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On-Demand Wakeup
Detection
Asleep
Awake
Base Station
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Wakeup
Wakeup
Path Surrounding
Nodes
for Better
To Base
Station
Target Reporting
Tracking,
For Prompt
Target Classification,
& Velocity Estimation
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Evaluation Methodology
Tripwire 1
XSMs
Tripwire 2
Tripwire 3
Field
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Evaluation Methodology
Energy (mWs)
70
Sentry
Non-Sentry
60
50
Surveillance
40
30
20
10
Initialization
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Time (s)
36
250
200
150
100
50
0
No PM
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+ Sentry
+ Duty
Cycle
+ Tripwire
37
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Summary
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