Material Chemistry

By
Hanny F. Sangian
Renewable Energy Lab. Dept. of Physics

Contents
1. Solid State Materials
2. Preparation of solid materials (semiconductors)
3. Renewable Solid Materials
4. Material Characterizations

Definition of semiconductor material

The solid substance that has a conductivity between that
of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the
addition of an impurity or because of temperature
effects.
Devices made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are
essential components of most electronic circuits.

Semiconductor devices

Semiconductor devices (Transistor)

Semiconductor devices (Transistor)

Classification of Semiconductor
Intrinsic
semiconductor
Group IV
Silicon,
semiconduc
Germanium
tors
Aluminum phos
phide
Group III-V ,
semiconduc Aluminum arse
tors
nide
,
Gallium arseni
de
,Gallium nitride

Donor atoms
Phosphorus,
Arsenic,
Antimony

Acceptor
atoms
Boron,
Aluminium,
Gallium

Beryllium,Zinc
Selenium,
,Cadmium,
Tellurium,Silicon,
Silicon,
Germanium
Germanium

Conductivity of semiconductors, insulators and conductors

Respons conductivity toward

temperature

Direction of plane in crystal

Miller index of crystals

Valence Bonds

Energy Bands of Solids

Energy Bandgap

Band gap energy of GaAs,

Germanium and Silicon

Electrons move in semiconductors

Electrons move in semiconductor

Types of semiconductors

SOLIDS PREPARATIONS
(SEMICONDUCTORS)

MOCVD (METHAL-ORGANOC CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION)

PECVD (PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION)

SUPERKONDUCTOR

Definition of the superconductors

Examples of superconductor have

made

Development of superconductors

How electrons move in

superconductors conditions

Bussiness of superconductors

Application of superconductor

Metal structure

Metal definition

Atomical metal structure

Electron motion in Metal

Metal Smelting

Aluminum compounds

Copper Smelter

Zinc preparation

Electrolysis

Uranium Processing

Chemical reactions of metal preparations

Electrolysis of metal

Nickel preparation/purification
(electrolysis)

isolator

Cellulose as insulator

Bandgap of isolator

Electrons in Insulator

Electron in insulator

Example of Isolator

Characterizatio
n of Materials

SEM (Scanning Electrin Microscopic)

Scanning Electron Microscopy
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) scans a
focused electron beam over a surface to create
an image. The electrons in the beam interact
with the sample, producing various signals that
can be used to obtain information about the
surface topography and composition.

Given sufficient light, the human eye can

distinguish two points 0.2 mm apart, without the
aid of any additional lenses. This distance is
called the resolving power or resolution of the
eye. A lens or an assembly of lenses (a
microscope) can be used to magnify this
distance and enable the eye to see points even
closer together than 0.2 mm.

SEM Apparatus

Figure 2. The SEM images of native

substrate (a) and substrates treated by:
NaOH, 80oC, 16h (b), IL, 120oC, 15h (c),
NaOH+IL, 120oC, 15 h (d), and
NaOH+IL, 120oC , 30 min (e).

ZnO SEM Images

XRD (X Ray Diffraction)

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical
technique primarily used for phase identification of a
crystalline material and can provide information on unit
cell dimensions. The analyzed material is finely ground,
homogenized, and average bulk composition is
determined.Jun 20, 2015

XRD Principle

XRD Analysis of substrates (Coconut Husk)

pretreated by various methods

X-Ray Diffraction Pattern

Tanpa Pretreatment
Non Pretreatment
Pretreatment ILs
ILs Pretreated
Pretreatment NaOH
NaOH Pretreated

ZnO XRD for Various Conditions

Miller index of crystals

FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red)

Typical Applications of FTIR
FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy) is a sensitive
technique particularly for identifying organic chemicals in a whole
range of applications although it can also characterise some
inorganics. Examples include paints, adhesives,
resins, polymers, coatings and drugs. It is a particularly useful
tool in isolating and characterising organic contamination.

Ethanol FTIR Spectrum

H2O FTIR in Absorbance and

Transmittance

Cellulose FTIR Pattern

FTIR diagram of substrates treated by chemical methods

1%NaOH (80oC, 16h), IL (150oC, 15h), NaOH+IL (150oC, 15h)
compared with without pretreatment.

NMR (Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a

physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a
magnetic field absorb and re-emit
electromagnetic radiation.

H2O NMR Spektrum