Element
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur
Nutrient Form
++
Ca
++
Mg
-SO4
Atomic
weight
Ionic forms
Absorbed by plants
Approximate
____
Mccronutrients
Nitrogen
N
14.01
NO3-, NH4+
4.0 %
Phosphorus
P
30.98
PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO40.5 %
Potassium
K
39.10
K+
4.0 %
Magnesium
Mg
24.32
Mg2+
0.5 %
Sulfur
S
32.07
SO420.5 %
Calcium
Ca
40.08
Ca2+
1.0 %
Micronutrients
Iron
Fe
55.85
Fe2+, Fe3+
200 ppm
Manganese
Mn
54.94
Mn2+
200 ppm
Zinc
Zn
65.38
Zn2+
30 ppm
Copper
Cu
63.54
Cu2+
10 ppm
Boron
B
10.82
BO32-, B4O7260 ppm
Molybdenum
Mo
95.95 MoO422 ppm
Chlorine
Cl
35.46
Cl
3000 ppm
MACRONUTRIENTS
SECONDARY
Element Main Function
Primary
Source
Approx.
Conc. in
Plants
Calcium
(Ca)
Structural
component of
cell walls; cell
elongation;
affects cell
permeability
Soil minerals,
limestone
0.1-3%
Magnesiu
m (Mg)
Component of
chlorophyll;
enzyme
activator; cell
division
Soil minerals,
dolomitic
limestone
0.05-1%
Sulfur
Constituent of
Soil organic
0.05-
KALSIU
M (Ca)
1) Soil Relations
- Present in large quantities in earths surface (~1% in US top soils)
- Influences availability of other ions from soil
2) Plant Functions
- Component of cell wall
- Involved in cell membrane function
- Largely present as calcium pectate in meddle lamela
Calcium pectate is immobile in plant tissues
4) Fertilizers
- Agricultural meal (finely ground CaCO 3MgCO3)
- Lime (CaCO3), Gypsum (CaSO4)
- Superphosphate
- Bone meal-organic P source
Calcium (Ca)
Plant available form: Ca+2
Plant immobile, very limited soil mobility
Functions: Cell membrane integrity, co-enzyme
Excess:
Mg uptake interference
Deficiency:
Inhibited bud growth, root tip death, mature leaf cupping, weak
growth, blossom end rot and pits on fruits
Notes:
Usually corrected with pH, Water stress affects Ca relationships.
Calcium
Is mobile in the soil
Moves to root by mass flow
Can be leached particularly sandy soils
Deficiency sometimes seen in dry soils
when there isnt enough water to transport
Ca
FUNGSI HARA
Dibutuhkan oleh beberapa
MAGNESIUM
MAGNE
SI- UM
(Mg)
Magnesium (Mg)
1) Soil Relations
- Present in soil as an exchangeable cation (Mg 2+)
- Similar to Ca2+ as a cation
2) Plant Functions
- Core component of chlorophyll molecule
- Catalyst for certain enzyme activity
4) Fertilizers
- Dolomite (mixture of CaCO3MgCO3)
- Epsom salt (MgSO4)
- Magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO3)2]
- Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
Magnesium (Mg)
Plant available form: Mg+2
Plant mobile, limited soil mobility
Functions:
Chlorophyll compound, co-enzyme, seed germination
Excess:
Ca uptake interference
Deficiency:
Growth Reduction, marginal chlorosis, interveinal chlorosis in
mid and lower leaves, reduced seed production, cupped leaves
Notes:
leaches with irrigation, usually corrected with Lime in fields,
chelates and sulfates in pots
Magnesium
Moves to root via mass flow & diffusion
Leaches somewhat more than Ca
Magnesium Deficiency
Chlorosis and necrosis of leaves
defoliation
Growth fairly good
foliage chlorotic and with intervenal necrosis
death of older foliage
Magnesium Deficiency
Purple tinting
intervenal necrosis developing
from marginal areas.
Apple Leaves
Sulfur (S)
1) Soil Relations
- Present in mineral pyrite (FeS2, fools gold), sulfides (S-mineral complex),
sulfates (involving SO4-2)
- Mostly contained in organic matter
- Acid rain provides sulfur
2) Plant Functions
- Component of amino acids (methionine, cysteine)
- Constituent of coenzymes and vitamins
- Responsible for pungency and flavbor (onion, garlic, mustard)
4) Fertilizers
- Gypsum (CaSO4)
- Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)
- Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]
- Elemental sulfur (S)
Sulfur (S)
Plant available form: SO4 Plant immobile, very soil mobile
Functions:
structural compound of AAs, etc. and chlorophyll production
Notes:
leaches with irrigation, usually corrected with other nutrients, true
toxicity is rare and difficult to control, very high levels in low pH
soils
Volatile S
CS2
CH3SH
CH3SCH3
Volatilization
Sulfur Mineralization
Biological
Cleavage of C-S bonds to produce S2 Cysteine desulfhydolase
Driven by need for C
Biochemical
Cleavage of C-O-S (ester) bonds to produce SO42 Sulfohydrolases (sulfatases), associated with microbial cell
walls
Driven by need for S, regulated by SO42C:S ratio
C: S < 200, net S mineralization; > 400 immobilization
Volatilization
Anaerobic mineralization
Immobilization of S
(assimilation)Serine
SO32-
PAP + Tr(ox)
ATP
SO
24
SO
24
PPi
S2-
Cysteine
3NADPH 3NADP
APS
ATP
Tr(red)
PAPS
COS
Cysteine
ADP
GSH
APS
Pi
AMP + H+
GSSO3-
6Fd(red) +7H+
GSSH
6Fd(ox) +3H2O
Cysteine
GS
Microbial
S
Oxidation
S2O322e-
S2-
4e-
S0
2e-
SO32-
SO42-
AMP
2e-
ADP
APS
Chemoautotrophic (Lithotrophic)
Energy generated (-189.9 kcal mol-1 S22-; -139.8 kcal mol-1 S0)
Acidifying (2H+ per S0)
Generally aerobic; attached to S granules
Photoautotrophic (Lithotrophic)
Chemoheterotrophic (Organotrophic)
No energy produced; dominant in neutral to alkaline soils
Many bacteria (Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas)
Pi
AVAILABILITY OF NUTRIENTS
INFLUENCES GROWTH AND
PRODUCTIVITY
MATURNUWUN
Chemical
dry
Element
symbol
concentration_____
Mccronutrients
Nitrogen
N
4.0 %
Phosphorus
P
0.5 %
Potassium
K
4.0 %
Magnesium
Mg
0.5 %
Sulfur
S
0.5 %
Calcium
Ca
Atomic
Ionic forms
weight
Approximate
Absorbed by plants____
14.01
NO3-, NH4+
30.98
39.10
K+
24.32
Mg2+
32.07
SO42-
40.08
Micronutrients
Iron
Fe
55.85
200 ppm
Manganese
Mn 54.94
200 ppm
Zinc
Zn
65.38
ppm
Copper
Cu
63.54
Boron
B
10.82
60 ppm
Molybdenum
Mo
95.95
ppm
Chlorine
Cl
35.46
Essential But Not Applied
Carbon
C
12.01
Hydrogen
H
1.01
Ca2+
1.0 %
Fe2+, Fe3+
Mn2+
Zn2+
Cu2+
BO3 , B4O
2-
30
10 ppm
27
MoO42Cl-
CO2
H O
2
3000 ppm
40 %
UNSUR MIKRO
Menjadi perhatian sebab :
1. Diangkut Tanaman
2. Penggunaan varietas unggul & pupuk makro
3. Penggunaan pupuk makro analisis tinggi
4. Kemampuan mengenal gejala kekahatan unsur
Besi (Fe)
Di kerak bumi + 5 %
Fe dalam tanah + 3,8 %
Mineral mengandung Fe : olivin, pirit, siderit,
hematit, geotit, magnetit, limonit
Kahat Fe : - Tanah pasiran
- Tanah organik
Larutan Fe tanah - diserap sebagai Fe+2
- dapat ditransportasi ke akar sebagai kelat
- diserap secara mass flow & difusi
- tidak mobil dalam tanaman
Peran Fe :
Defisiensi Fe ;
Mangan (Mn)
Mangan (Mn)
Di kerak bumi + 1.000 ppm
Dalam tanah 20 3.000 ppm (rata-rata 600 ppm)
Terkandung dalam feromagnesium, pirolusit,
hausmanit, manganit, rodokrosit, rodonit
Daerah yang kurang Mn :
Tanah gambut di atas calcareus
Aluvial debuan, tanah lempungan
Tanah calcareus drainase jelek
Tanah pasiran dengan mineral masam
Bentuk Mn tanah
Larutan Mn+2
Organik Mn
Mn oksida
Penambahan
NH4Cl
(NH4)2SO4
NH4NO3
NH4H2PO4
CO(NH2)2
Penyerapan Mn meningkat
Larutan Mn
Sebagai larutan ion
Konsentrasi berkurang dengan naiknya pH
[Mn] larutan 0,01 13 ppm pada tanah masam netral
(Umumnya 0,01 1 ppm)
Peranan Mn :
Mengaktifkan enzim-enzim
Defisiensi Mn :
Seng (Zn)
Litosfer + 80 ppm
Tanah 10 300 ppm (rata-rata 50 ppm
Daerah kurang Zn :
Tanah berpasir masam
Tanah netral / basa
Tanah calcareus
>>> lempung & debu
>>> P tersedia
>>> tanah organik
Bentuk Zn :
Larutan Zn+2
Zn dapat ditukarkan
Zn diadsorbsi
Zn organik
Zn yang mensubstitusi Mg di kisi krist
P >> kahat Zn
Peranan Zn :
Aktifator enzinm-enzim
Defisiensi Zn :
Pada daun muda
Klorosis di antara tulang daun
Pertumbuhan tunas terhambat
Pada jagung dan sorghum pita putih sebelah,
menyebelah tulang daun
Boron (B)
Unsur hara mikro non esensial
valensi +3
Radius ion sangat kecil
[B] dalam tanah 2 200 ppm (rata-rata 7 80 ppm)
Hanya < 5 % yang tersedia bagi tanaman
tidak mobil
Tekstur tanah
Tekstur kasar, drainase baik, tanah pasiran B <<<
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bahan organik
B dan b.o. kompleks (sumber B pada tanah masam)
Pemberian b.o. Meningkatkan B tanah
Hubungan dengan unsur lain
Ca, Ca rendah B rendah demikian juga dengan Overlime B terbatas
K, Pada tanah B sangat rendah, dengan pemberian K maka gejala kahat B menonjol
6.
Kekurangan B :
Pada pucuk-pucuk muda
Daun muda hijau pucat (terutama dasarnya)
Jaringan pada pangkal daun pecah, bila tumbuh seakan terpilin
Tembaga (Cu)
Larutan Cu tanah :
Cudd
Cu adsorbsi
Cu b.o.
Peran Cu :
Sebagai aktivator berbagai enzim (tirosinase, laktose,
oksidase asam askorbat, polifenol oksidase)
Gejala defisiensi Cu :
Daun menggulung
Daun mengalami distorsi berkembang tidak normal
Layu daun muda
Molibdenum (Mo)
Di kerak bumi <<<
Di tanah 0,2 5 ppm (rata-rata 2 ppm)
Bentuk Mo :
Tak tertukarkan
Anion tertukarkan
Ikatan dengan Fe & Al oksida
Ikatan dengan b.o.
Kahat Mo :
Tanah berpasir
Tanah masam
Larutan Mo :
pH 4,2 MoO4= diserap tanaman
- mass flow
- difusi
Asimilasi
Reduksi nitrat
Sintesa asam amino & protein
Cobalt (Co)
Co esensial dalam simbiose fiksasi N2
Dalam hewan, Co makanan ternak. Perlu Co untuk sintesa B12
[Co] di kerak bumi 40 ppm
Clor (Cl)
Sebagai anion Cl- dalam tanah, pada pH cukup masam sampai
mendekati netral
Pada kemasaman tinggi diikat / diadsorbsi oleh kaolinit
Cl dalam tanah sangat mobil
Perpindahan dan akumulasi Cl tergantung sirkulasi air
Cl dalam air bawah tanah dapat berpindah secara kapiler ke daerah
perakaran
Masalah :
1. Jumlah dalam air irigasi
2. Akumulasi di daerah perakaran
3. Sifat fisik tanah & drainase
4. Tingginya water table dan kapiler ke akar
Cl < 2 ppm rendah
Crop Yield
Crop Response
Curves
Nutrient Level
TERIMAKSIH