Linux Fundamental 20090226 B 1.0

Security Level: B
Linux Fundamental
ISSUE1.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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The course narrates the history

and running theory of Linux OS.
Also, some basic commands and
tips for daily operation and
maintenance of Linux OS are
mentioned in the course.
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Reference
Linux Bible 2007
Linux in a Nutshell 5th Edition
Tips And Techniques For Everyday
Use
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After finishing the course, you should be able to

know the history of Linux OS
know the fundamentals of Linux OS
master the use of common commands
know the common tips of Linux OS
know how to handle some simple and common
problems of Linux OS
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Chap.1 Linux fundamentals

Chap.2 Linux commands
Chap.3 Linux tips
Chap.4 Handling method for
common problems
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1.1 What is Linux
1.2 How to install Linux OS
1.3 How to start and shut
down Linux OS
1.4 How to study Linux OS
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The history of Linux

BSD in 1977
and system V
in 1980
Solaris AIX
and HP_UNIX
etc.
Small
Smallarchives
archivessystem
system
Unix
Unix
The first and formal

Unix kernel in 1973
Some
Someimportant
importantUnix
Unixbranches
branches
Kinds
Kindsofofdifferent
differentUnix
Unixversion
version
Linus Torvalds of
Finland College in
1991
Small file server

system of Ken
Thompson in 1969
GNU
GNUand
andFSF
FSF
Linux
Linux
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GNU and FSF

organizations are
created by Stallman in
1984
Linux components
Linux Shell
Linux
Kernel
Practical
tools
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Linux user environment

Kernel
Shell bash csh ksh
Terminal Emulator putty xmanager
X Window xfree86
Window Manager KMW
Desktop Environment Gnome KDE
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Linux characteristics
Open The system keeps to the standards in the world
Multi-user The system resource can be occupied by different users.
Multi-task Different tasks can be executed simultaneously and separately.
Friendly user interface System kernel can be invoked friendly via user
interface (compared to Unix).
Independency of devices All devices is looked as a file.
Plenty of network function FTP,HTTP and TELNET etc can be supported.
Reliable system security PAM etc
Good transplantable ability Linux can be executed in different platform
Free Linux is a free software and any one can get and do with the source
codes .
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Terms related to Linux

Business software, sharing software and free software
Business software User should buy the software and get the technology support
from the developer. In addition, the software cannot be modified and spread by the
user.
Sharing software: The software can be used free but cannot be modified and spread.
Free software: Everyone can get the source codes free, and can modify or spread the
software.
FSF : free software foundation

GPL : general public license
Kernel version
Stable version The source codes will not changed and only patch version will be
issued. The version number is even such as 2.4 or 2.6.
development version : The source codes will be improved and new features will be
imbedded. The version number is odd such as 2.5.
distribution version: some tools such as system tool, applicable tools, network tools and
compile files will be issued with the software.
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Mainstream version of Linux

Red Hat Enterprise Linux
Suse Linux Enterprise Server
Debian
Ubuntu
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Fedora Core
OpenSuse
System directories of Linux
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Devices and file system of Linux

File categories
Regular file
Directory file
Link file
Device file
# cd /etc ; ls -al
# cd /dev ; ls al
Sockets and Pipe
- - Regular files, namely the binary and ascii files

d Directories file
l Symbolic links files
b Block-special device files
c Character-special device files
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Right of the file
For a file, these are three types of different users.
U means the owner of the file.

G means the group of the file.
O means the other users of the file.
For each type of user of the file, there are three types of different right.
R means the user can read the file.

W means the user can write the file.
X means the user can execute the file. And for directory , X means the user can
enter the directory.
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File system
Definition of file system: the way to organize the data or some kind of
protocol.
Definition of mount the procedure of associating the file system and
the device.
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Device
The information of all devices supported by Linux is stored in the /dev folder.
Physical device: the device can be seen and touched and can be partitioned,
such as the hard disk.
Logical device: The physical device will changed into logical device after being
capsulated by some software. And the logical device can be plotted by logical
volume.
Nude device: There is no physical partitions or logical volumes in the device. And
the way of data organization is decided by the database.
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Device type
Character device
Block device
Network device
Character device The device is accessed by asc stream, such as the
character terminal and serial device.
Block device The device is accessed by data block, such as the hard
disk and CD.
Network device The device is used for data exchange between
different hosts.
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Input and output technology of Linux
Stdin (abbr. of Standard input) the default device is keyboard.

Stdout (abbr. of Standard output) the default device is screen and we can
see all the output of the system, such as the serial port.
Stderr (abbr. of Standard error output) the default device is screen.
Tips:
You can use symbol < to relocate the input source.
You can use symbol > to relocate the output objective.
You can use symbol | to filter the result and make the result filtered as the
input source of following filter.
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Common log files of Linux

/var/log/boot.msg This log file records the information when the hosts is
started and we can also the information use demsg command.
/var/log/messages This log file records the running information for most
of the system services.
Notes: With this file, we can determine the hosts is normal or not.
/var/log/wtmp This log file records the login information of the host. This
file is a binary file and we can use last command to read the file.
/var/log/lastlog This file records the login way of the last user.
/var/log/faillog This file records the login information for failure.
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The Linux version used by M2000

Suse Linux Enterprise Server 10
SUSE is the abbreviation of German Software und System
Entwicklung, which is a business company founded in 1992.
SUSE is purchased by Novell in 2004, and from then on the
technology support of SUSE Linux is offered.
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SLES 10
Disk partition and file system mount
We can df and mount commands to check the disk partition and file system mount.
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1.1 What is Linux
down Linux OS
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How to install SLES10

Installation mode
The installation mode based on CD/DVD
The installation mode based on VNC (for IBM machine)
The installation mode based on network
The installation mode based on AutoYast
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How to install SUSE10

Installation process
Choose the installation mode when started
Choose the installation language
Choose the installation configuration
Determine the hard disk partition and formatting
Install the SUSE10 system and according sortware package
Configure the system, including:
the password of root user

network configuration
update and services of the system
user configuration
Device configuration
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1.1 What is Linux
down Linux OS
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Startup and shutdown of Linux

Startup
Phase III
Phase I
poweron
FLOPPY
BIOS
CDROM
harddisk
SCSI sda
Loading kernel
MBR
Bootloader
grub
Detect hardware
Init hardware
rc.local
rc.sysinit
Init
Phase II
Phase IV
/etc/inittab
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runlevel
Different run-level can determine the application that the host can be offered.
RUNLEVEL
ACTION
Power-off
Single-user mode
Local multi-user mode (network cannot be used)
Network multi-user mode (default run-level of M2000 )
Free mode
Network multi-user mode with graphic interface
Restart
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Shutdown
For Dos or Windows OS, we can shutdown the host by pressing power-off button directly.
For Linux, when you determine to shutdown the hosts, you should:
know who is using the host

notify that you will shutdown the host (optional)
use sync command to synchronize the date before shutdown
The procedure of shutdown for Linux
Send shutdown signal to the host and notify the users

Stop all the processes in the host
unload all the devices
Commands for shut down Linux
init 0(the safest mode to shutdown the host)
shutdown -h now
halt the most violent mode to shut down the host, equivalent to press the power-off
button.
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1.1 What is Linux
down Linux OS
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How to study Linux OS

Suggestion
Learn to use man and whatis command

Linux is a system sensitive to small letter and capital.
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Questions
What is the OS type used by M2000 software?
How many stages are there for startup of Linux?
How to use commands to shut down the host?
How to get the online help of the command?
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Chap.3 Linux tips
common problems
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2.1 System management commands
2.2 Storage management commands
2.3 File management commands
2.4 Network management commands
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adduser useradd)
Add or update the user information
Comman
d
meaning
adduser
Add an
user
General usage and description

useradd -d /home/xxxx
xxxx
Add an user xxxx with its

home folder /home/xxxx
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example
useradd
-d
/home/db2
inst
db2inst
userdel
Delete an user
command
meaning
userdel
Delete the
user
Common usage and description
userdel -rf
username
Delete the user

username and its
home folder forcibly
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example
userdel -rf db2inst
passwd
Set or modify the user mode
command
meaning
passwd
Set or modify
the user
password

passwd username
Set or modify the

password of user
username
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example
passwd db2inst
date
Display or modify current time of the system
Comman Meaning
d
Common usage and

description
example
date
date
date
Display of modify
current time settings
Query current
time
date
Modify current
[MMDDhhmm[ time settings
date 112711162007
[CC]YY][.ss]]
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hwclock clock
Display or set current time of the hardware
Comman
d
Meanin
g
hwclock
Display
or set
current
time of
the
hardware
Example
hwclock
Query the time
hwclock
hwclock w
Synchronize the time of

system with hardware
hwclock w
hwclock s
Synchronize the hardware

time with system
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hwclock s
uptime
Display the running duration
Comman
d
Meaning
uptime
Display the running

duration of the host
Common usage and

description
uptime
Display the running

duration of the host
Example
uptime
The output will print the information of current time, running duration, the user number logged
on the system and the average load of last 1.5 and 15 minutes. For example:
11:16am up 6 days 0:45, 2 users, load average: 0.14, 0.11, 0.09
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free
Show the usage of memory
Comman
d
Meaning
free
Show the usage of

memory
Common usage and

description
free
Show the usage of

memory
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example
free
iostat
Show the statistics of CPU and I/O
Comman
d
Meaning
iostat
Show the
statistics of
CPU and I/O
example
iostat
Show the statistics once
iostat
iostat m
Show the statistics in m

seconds
Show the statistics in m
seconds, totally n times
iostat 1
iostat m n
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iostat 1 10
mpstat
Show the statistics related to CPU
Comman
d
Meaning
mpstat
Show the
statistics
related to CPU
mpstat m
mpstat P ALL
Show the statistics

every m seconds
Show the CPU
statistics of all
CPUs
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example
iostat 1
mpstat P ALL
vmstat
Show the statistics of virtual memory
Comman
d
Meaning
vmstat
Show the
statistics of
virtual memory
Example
vmstat
Show the statistics once
vmstat
vmstat a
Show the statistics in a

seconds once
vmstat 1
vmstat a b
vmstat 1 10
Show the statistics in a
seconds, totally b times
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ps
Show the processes of the system
Comman
d
Meaning
ps
Show the
processes
ps
Show the shell used
ps
ps ef|grep
keyword
Show the process related to

keyword
ps ef|grep hlr
ps aux
Show all process
ps aux
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Example
kill
Send signal to certain process
Comman
d
Meaning
kill
Send signal
to certain
process

kill -9 PID
Kill the process with process

number ID PID
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Example
Kill -9 40000
top
Show the processes executing
Comman
d
Meaning
Example
top
Show the
processes
executing
top
Show the processes

executing dynamically with
interactive mode
top
top b
Show the processes

executing dynamically without
interactive mode
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top -b
uname
Show the system information
Comman
d
Meaning
uname
Show the
system
information

uname -a
Example
Show all information of the

system.
uname -a
host
Kernel
number
kernel
OS
version
Processor
type
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Host
type
Hardware
platform
hostname
Show the host name
Comman
d
Meaning
Example
hostname
Show or
modify the
host name
hostname
Show the host name
hostname
hostname name1
Modify the host name
hostname
hle_db01
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who w
Show the user online
Comman
d
Meaning
who
Show the
user online
Example
who
show the online user information
who
Show the online user information,

including current operation and
CPU overload etc.
Show current run-level

Who r
who -r
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last
Display the information of the user logged
Comman
d
Meaning
last
Display the
information of the
user logged

last
Display the information of the

user logged
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example
last
halt reboot poweroff

Restart or shut down the host
Comman
d
Meaning
halt
Restart or
shutdown
the host
reboot
poweroff

sync sync halt
sync sync reboot
sync sync poweroff
Shut down
the host
Restart the
host
Shutdown
the host
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example
sync halt
sync sync reboot
sync sync poweroff
shutdown
Restart or shut down the host
Comman
d
Meaning
shutdown
Restart or
shut down
the host
sync sync shutdown

t 0 h now
Shut down
the host
right now
sync sync shutdown

t 0 h now
sync sync shutdown

t 0 Fr now
Restart the
host right
now
sync sync shutdown

t 0 Fr now
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example
chkconfig
Check or set the services of the host
Comman
d
Meaning
chkconfig
Check or
set the
services of
the host

chkconfig a
servicename
Example
chkconfig a xinetd
chkconfig d
servicename
Add service
servicename to
the host
Remove
service
servicename of
the host
chkconfig l
chkconfig l
Query the
sevices
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chkconfig d xinetd
crontab
Query or set the timed task
Comman
d
Meaning
crontab
Query or
set the
timed task
Example
crontab -e
Add or remove the timed

task
crontab -e
crontab -l
Query the timed task of the

host
crontab -l
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dmesg
Query the boot message
Comman
d
Meaning
example
dmesg
Query the
boot
message
dmesg > /dir/file
dmesg >
/tmp/dmesg.txt
Query the boot

message and save
the query result to
the file /dir/file
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fdisk
Partition tool of Linux
Comman
d
Meaning
fdisk
Partition tool of
Linux
fdisk -l
Query current
partition of the host
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Example
fdisk -l
fsck
Repair the file system
Comman
d
Meaning
fsck
Repair the file

system
fsck -a
Repair the file host

automatically
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Example
fsck -a
df
Query the hard disk usage of partition
Comman
d
Meaning
df
Query the hard

disk usage of
partition
df -k
Query the hard disk

usage of partition in
Kilo-bytes
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Example
df -k
du
Query the hard disk usage of file
Comman
d
Meaning
du
Query the hard

disk usage of
file
du -a
Query the hard disk

usage of file
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Example
du -a
sync
Synchronize between memory and hard disk
Comman
d
Meaning
sync
Synchronize
between
memory and
hard disk

sync sync
init6
Synchronize
between memory
and hard disk and
then restart the
host
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Example
sync sync init6

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cat
Show the content of ascii file
Comman
d
Meaning
cat
Show the
content of ascii
file
Common usage and

description
cat file
Show the
content of
ascii file
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example
cat /opt/hlr/hdu/config/hlrcfg.xml
tail
Show the last part content of the file
Comman
d
Meaning
tail
Show the last

part content of
the file
Example
tail f file
Show the last 10

rows of the file file
tail f
/opt/hlr/hdu/ds/log/xxxx.
log
tail n num file
Always show the last

num rows of the file
file even if the file is
changed real-time
tail n 20
/opt/hlr/hdu/ds/log/xxxx.
log
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more (less)
Show the content of the file in page
Comman
d
Meaning
more
Show the
content of the
file in page

more file
Show the content

of the file file in
page
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Example
more
/opt/hlr/hdu/ds/log/xxxx.log
tar
Pack or unpack the file
Comman
d
tar
Meaning
Pack or
tar zcvf xxxx.tar.gz
unpacek the file
xxxx
tar zxvf xxxx.tar.gz
Pack the file with

packed name
xxxx.tar.gz
Example
tar zcvf hlr.tar.gz hlr
Unpack the file

xxxx.tar.gz
tar zxvf hlr.tar.gz
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diff
Differentiate two files
Comman
d
Meaning
diff
Differentiate
two files

diff file1 file2
Differentiate the file

file1 and file file2
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Example
diff a.txt b.txt
find
Search the file
Comman Meaning
d
find
Search
the file

find / -name filename
Search
the file
filename
with initial
path /
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Example
find /opt/hlr -name

hlrcfg.xml
whereis
Show the path of the file
Comman
d
Meaning
whereis
Show the path

of the file
Common usage and

description
whereis file1
Show the path of

the file file1
Example
whereis ls
ls: /bin/ls
/usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz
/
usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.g
z
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chmod
Change the right of the file
Comman
d
chmod
Meaning
Change the
right of the
file

chmod 700 file1
Change the right

of file file1,and
only its owner can
read, write and
execute right.
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example
chmod 700 /tmp/1.txt
chown
Change the owner of the file
Command
chown
Meaning
Change the
owner of the
file

chmod hlr:db2grp1
file1
Change the owner of

file file1, and new
owner and group is
hlr and db2grp1.
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example
chown hlr:db2grp1
ntpdate.out

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ifconfig
Show or set the network device
Comman Meaning
d
ifconfig
Show or set
the network
device
Example
ifconfig
Show the active network

card
ifconfig
ifconfig a
Show all network card
ifconfig a
ifocnfig ethX IP
Set IP for network card

ethX
ifconfig eth1
172.18.100.0
ifconfig ethX
down
Deactivate the network

card ethX
ifconfig eth1 down
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ethtool
Show or change the detailed information of network card
Com
mand
ethtool
Meaning
Show or change
the detailed
information of
network card

ethtool ethX
Show the configuraion of

network card ethX
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Example
ethtool eth1
netstat
Show the network information
Comman
d
netstat
Meaning
Show the
network
information
Example
netstat -rn
Show the route

information
netstat -rn
netstat -an
Show all network

connection information
netstat an
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route
Set the route information
Comman
d
route
Meaning
Set the
route
information
route add
route delete
Example
Add the route

information
route add default

10.85.156.1
Delete the route

information
route delete default

10.85.156.1
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ping
Check the network connection
Comman
d
ping
Meaning
Check the
network
connection

ping hostIP
Check the network

connection between
local compute and
hostIP.
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Example
ping 10.85.156.1
scp
Copy the file remotely
Comman
d
Meaning

scp file1 IP:/dir
scp
Copy the file

remotely
Copy local file file1

to remote host with
host ip IP and /dir
folder
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Example
scp a.txt
172.17.128.0:/tmp
Question
How to query and modify current time of the host?
How to query the statistics of CPU, memory and hard disk?
How to query current logging information of the host?
How to query configuration information of network card?
How to copy files between different hosts?
How to query partition information?
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Chap.3 Linux tips
common problems
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Chap.3 Linux tips

3.1 Sharing files
3.2 Executing the script
3.3 File operation
3.4 Get the system
information
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Samba
Sharing the file between Linux and Window
Samba service is offered by Linux and is used to sharing the files between Linux
and Windows. Below are the simple steps to activate samba service. Also you can
refer to software installation manual for detailed steps.
Add samba user in samba configuration file.

Set password for samba user added.
Restart samba service to make the configuration file effective.
Check the samba service is OK or not.
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FTP
Transfer the file between Linux and Linux or Windows OS
You can activate it by following steps.
Edit the file /etc/xinetd.d/vsftpd by modifying the filed disable from yes to no.
Edit the file /etc/vsftpd.conf by activate the fields local_enable and write_enable.
Edit the file /etc/ftpusers by deactivate the root user.
Restart the FTP service with command /etc/init.d/xinetd restart
Check the FTP service is OK or not
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Chap.3 Linux tips

3.1 Sharing files
3.3 File operation
3.4 Get the system
information
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Tips for command and script execution
User symbol & to put the command execution background, such as ls la &.
Use fg command to switchover from background to foreground, such as fg
command.
Use history command to query the history information of command execution.
Use script command to record the output information of the terminal. For example,
use script /tmp/1.log to record the output information of the terminal into file
/tmp/1.log.
Remember to use CTRL+d to terminate the recording procedure.
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Chap.3 Linux tips

3.1 Sharing files
3.3 File operation
3.4 Get the system
information
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Tips for file and fold operation

Use cd -command to go back to the folder last entered.
Use ls -R command to get the layer relation between files and folders.
Use tree command to show the structure of the folder.
Remove some files with odd name.
Remove the file with name a: rm ./-a rm -- -a
Remove the file with name \a : rm \\a
Find and kill the process occupying the file you want to delete.
fuser filename
fuser k filename
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Chap.3 Linux tips

3.1 Sharing files
3.3 File operation
3.4 Get the system
information
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Get the system information

Get the OS and hardware information
Get the OS information
uname -a
Get the CPU information
cat /proc/cpuinfo
Get the memory information
cat /proc/meminfo
Get the partition information
cat /proc/partitions
Get the information of PCI devices
lspci
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Get the system information

Get the status information of the system
Show the top ten processes by consuming CPU
ps aux |head -1 ;ps aux |sort -rn +2 |head -10
Show the top ten process by consuming memory
ps aux |head -1 ;ps aux |sort -rn +3 |head -10
Show the top ten processes by handling time
ps vx |head -1 ;ps vx |grep -v PID |sort -rn +3 |head -10
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Chap.3 Linux tips
common problems
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Chap.4 Common problems

4.1 SSH problem
4.2 network problem
4.3 login problem
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SSH problem
hlr_dru01:/var/log # ssh 172.17.128.110
ssh: connect to host 172.17.128.110 port 22: No route to host
Possible reason 1: The network connection between the client and the
server is not OK.
Possible reason 2: If network connection is OK and authentication is
not OK, delete the file ~/.ssh/known_hosts of the client.
hlr_dru01:/var/log # ssh hlr_dru03
ssh: hlr_dru03: Temporary failure in name resolution
Possible reason: There is no reliable relation in the client. The solution
is editing the file /etc/hosts in the client by adding the IP of the host.
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Chap.4 Common problems

4.1 SSH problem
4.2 network problem
4.3 login problem
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General handling method for network problem

Use ping command to test the network connection.
Check the physical connection of the network.
Check the status of network card.
Check the configuration of the network card.
Use netstat command to check the status of the network.
Use cpdump command to check the flux of the netork.
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Chap.4 Common
problems
4.1 SSH problem
4.2 network problem
4.3 login problem
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Root user cannot login the host

Possible reason 1: The administrator forget the password of root user
Possible reason 2: The password of root user is changed by another one.
For both possible reason mentioned above, we can solve the problem by following
steps.
Boot the host from CD and enter single-user mode.
Use mount /dev/sda2 /mnt command to mount the / folder of the disk to /mnt.
Edit the /mnt/etc/passwd file by clear the password field (namely the second
column) of root user.
Edit the /mnt/etc/shadow file by clear the password field (namely the second
column) of root user.
After above two steps, the password of root user is null, and you can boot the
system with hard disk and enter the system with null password.
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Summary

Chap.3 Linux tips
common problems
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Security Level: B
Thank You
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Linux Fundamental 20090226 B 1.0

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The course narrates the history

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After finishing the course, you should be able to

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Chap.1 Linux fundamentals

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Chap.1 Linux fundamentals

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The history of Linux

The first and formal

Small file server

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GNU and FSF

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Linux user environment

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Terms related to Linux

FSF : free software foundation

Mainstream version of Linux

Suse Linux Enterprise Server

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System directories of Linux

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Devices and file system of Linux

Sockets and Pipe

- - Regular files, namely the binary and ascii files

Devices and file system of Linux

U means the owner of the file.

R means the user can read the file.

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Devices and file system of Linux

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Devices and file system of Linux

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Devices and file system of Linux

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Input and output technology of Linux

Stdin (abbr. of Standard input) the default device is keyboard.

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Common log files of Linux

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The Linux version used by M2000

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Chap.1 Linux fundamentals

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How to install SLES10

The installation mode based on VNC (for IBM machine)

The installation mode based on network

The installation mode based on AutoYast

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How to install SUSE10

the password of root user

Chap.1 Linux fundamentals

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Startup and shutdown of Linux

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Startup and shutdown of Linux

Local multi-user mode (network cannot be used)

Network multi-user mode (default run-level of M2000 )