Growth Sites :
Growth sites are growth fields that have a special significance in the
growth of a particular bone.
Eg. Mandibular condyle in the mandible,
Maxillary tuberosity in the maxilla.
The growth sites may process some intrinsic potential to growth.
Remodeling :
It is the differential growth activity involving
simultaneous deposition & resorption on all the inner & outer
surfaces of the bone.
Eg. Ramus moves posteriorly by a combination of resorption &
deposition.
Growth Centers:
Growth centers are special growth
sites , which control the overall growth of the bone.
Eg. Epiphyseal plates of long bone.
Mechanism Of Bone Growth
• Bone is a specialized tissue of mesodermal origin.It
forms the structural framework of the body.
• Bone is calcified tissue that supports the body &
gives points of attachment to the musculature.
• Normal bone contains between 32-36% of organic
matter.
-Bone deposition & deposition
-Cortical drift
-Displacement
Bone deposition & resorption:
Bone changes in shape & size by two basic
mechanisms,bone deposition & bone resorption.The
bone deposition & resorption together is called “
BONE REMODELING”.
The changes that bone deposition & resorption can
produce are:
A) Change in size
B) Change in shape
C) Change in proportion
D) Change in relationship of the bone with adjacent
structures.
Cortical Drift:
- Most bones grow by interplay of bone deposition &
resorption .
- A combination of bone deposition & resorption
resulting in a growth movement towards the
deposition surface is called “Cortical Drift”.
- If bone deposition & resorption on either side of a
bone are equal - the thickness of the bone
remains constant.
- If in case more bone is deposited on one side & less
bone resorbed on the opposite side – The
thickness of the bone increases.
Displacement:
• It is the movement of the whole bone as a unit.
• Displacement can be of two types.
Primary displacement:
If a bone gets displaced as a result of its own
growth,it is called “Primary displacement”.
eg. Growth of the maxilla at the tuberosity region results in pushing of
the maxilla against the cranial base which results in pushing of the
maxilla against the cranial base which results in the displacement of
the maxilla in a forward & downward direction.
Secondary displacement:
If the bone gets displaced as a result of growth &
enlargement of an adjacent bone, it is called Secondary displacement.
eg. The growth of the cranial base causes the forward & downward
displacement of the maxilla.
Characteristics of Bone
Growth
Bone formation occurs by 2 methods of differentiation of mesenchymal
tissues that may be of mesodermal or ectomesenchymal origin.
Accordingly 2 types of bone growth is normally seen.
1) Intra-membranous ossification :
The transformation of mesenchymal connective tissue
usually in membranous sheets,into osseous tissues.
.
Endochondral ossification:
The conversion of hyaline cartilage prototype models
into bone.
The interstitial growth expansion capability of cartilage, even
under weight pressure due to its avascularity precluding
ischemia,(Cartilage nutrition is provited by perfusing tissue
fluids that are not easily obstructed by load pressures) allows
for directed prototype cartilage growth. The cartilage
‘template ‘ is then replaced by endochondral bone accounting for
indirect bone growth.
Growth and development of an individual can be divided into
PRENATAL & the POSTNATAL periods. The pre-natal
period of development is a dynamic phase in the
development of a human being.During this period, the
height increases by almost 5000 times as compared to only
a threefold increase during the post-natal period.The re-
natal life can be arbitrarily divided into three periods.
a) Increase in size
b) Change in shape
c) Change functional relationship
Bone remodeling seen in the midfacial region
Bone remodeling of the palate resulting in its
downward displacement
Growth of the palate exhibiting V pattern of
growth
The naso-maxillary complex as it emerges from
beneath the cranium
Moss Cites three types of bone growth changes
to be observed in the maxilla
1) Those changes that are associated with compensations
for the passive motions of the bone brought about by
the primary expansions of the orofacial capsule.
2) There are changes in bone morphology associated with
alterations in the absolute volume, size shape or
spatial position of any or all the several relatively
independent maxillary functional matrices, such as
orbital mass.
3) There are bone changes associated with the
maintenance of the form of the bone itself.
All these changes do not occur simultaneously but rather
differentially or squentially.