Welded joints

Welding joints

As a process of joining metallic parts by heating to a suitable

temperature with or without the application of pressure.

Many welding processes are accomplished by heat alone, with no

pressure applied
Others by a combination of heat and pressure
Still others by pressure alone with no external heat
In some welding processes a filler material is added to facilitate
coalescence

Why Welding is Important

Provides a permanent joint

Usually the most economical way to join parts in terms of

material usage and fabrication costs

Welded components become a single entity

Mechanical fastening usually requires additional hardware

components (e.g., rivets, screws and nuts) and geometric
alterations of the parts being assembled (e.g., holes)

Welded structures are Lighter than corresponding castings by

30 to 50 %

Why Welding is Important

Not

restricted to a factory environment

Welding can be accomplished "in the field"

Alterations

and additions can be easily made in the

existing structure by Welding
Welding assemblies are tight and leak proof.
No special pre-machining such as drilling ,reaming is
required.
The strength of the welded joint is very high

Why Welding is Important

Machine

components of certain shapes,

such as circular pipes, find difficulty in
riveting.
In welded structures, the metal is put
exactly where it is required.
Welded
assemblies are more easily
machined than the castings.
The capital investment for a welding shop
is considerably lower than that of foundry
shop.

Limitations and Drawbacks of

Welding

Most welding operations are performed manually and are

expensive in terms of labor cost.
Most welding processes utilize high energy and are inherently
dangerous.
Welded joints do not allow for convenient disassembly.
Welded joints can have quality defects that are difficult to detect.
As compared with the cast iron structures, vibration damping is
poor.

Types
Butt joints
Fillet joints

and

Fig. 8.1Types of Butt Joint

Fig. 8.2 Types of Fillet Joint

Strength of Butt Weld

The Average Tensile strength is

P
t
hl
Where ,
h = throat of the Butt weld(mm)

l = length of the weld(mm)

P = tensile force(N)
Throat of the weld can be considered
equivalent to the thickness(t) of the plate

P t tl

10

Strength of Butt Weld

Some Codes suggest a factor called efficiency of
the joint

P t tl

Where ,
= efficiency of the weld
P

11

Strength of Parallel Fillet Weld

t h cos(45o )
or
t 0.707 h

Le
g

Throa
t

Failure of fillet weld occurs due to shear along

minimum cross section at the throat.

P
P

tl 0.707hl

P 0.707 hl
12

Strength of Parallel Fillet Weld

Throat

Leg

Usually there are two welds of equal length on

two sides of the vertical plate.
In that
P 2(0.707
hl )case,
or
P 1.414hl

In determining the required length of the

13
weld , 15 mm should be added to allow
over

Strength of Transverse Fillet Weld

t h cos(45o )
or
t 0.707 h

Failure of transverse fillet weld occurs due to

tensile stress along minimum cross section at
the throat.
P
P

tl

0.707hl

P 0.707 hl t

14

Strength of Transverse Fillet Weld

Usually there are two welds of equal length on

two sides of the vertical plate. In that case,
P 2(0.707 hl t )
or
P 1.414hl t
15

In a fillet welded joint, the weakest area of the weld is

(a) Toe (b) root (c) throat (d) face

((A

single parallel fillet weld of total length L and weld size h

subjected to a tensile load P, will have what design stress?

Two metal plates of thickness t and width 'w' are joined by a

fillet weld of 45 as shown in given figure.

When subjected to a pulling force 'F', the stress induced in the

weld will be

A butt welded joint, subjected to tensile force P is shown in

the given figure,
l = length of the weld (in mm) h = throat of the butt weld (in
mm) and H is the total height of weld including reinforcement.
The average tensile stress t, in the weld is given by

In the welded joint shown in the given figure, if the weld at B

has thicker fillets than that at A, then the load carrying
capacity P, of the joint will
(a) increase
(c) remain unaffected
exactly get doubled

(b) decrease
(d)

A double fillet welded joint with parallel fillet weld of length L

and leg B is subjected to a tensile force P. Assuming uniform
stress distribution, the shear stress in the weld is given by

The following two figures show welded joints (x x x x x

indicates welds), for the same load and same dimensions of
plate and weld.

The joint shown in

(a) fig. I is better because the weld is in shear and the principal stress in the weld is not
in line with P
(b)fig. I is better because the load transfer from the tie bar to the plate is not direct
(c) fig. II is better because the weld is in tension and safe stress of weld in tension is
greater than that in shear
(d)fig. II is better because it has less stress concentration.

Two plates are joined together by means of single transverse

and double parallel fillet welds as shown in figure given above.
If the size of fillet is 5 mm and allowable shear load per mm is
300 N, what is the approximate length of each parallel fillet?
(a) 150 mm
200 mm

(b)
(c) 250 mm
(d) 300 mm

The permissible stress in a filled weld is 100 N/mm2. The fillet

weld has equal leg lengths of 15 mm each. The allowable
shearing load on weldment per cm length of the weld is

(a) 22.5 kN (b) 15.0 kN (c) 10.6 kN (d) 7.5

kN.

A circular rod of diameter d is welded to a flat plate along its

circumference by fillet weld of thickness t. Assuming w as the
allowable shear stress for the weld material, what is the value
of the safe torque that can be transmitted?