FITOTERAPI:

NYERI & ARTRITIS

Noor Wijayahadi

MEKANISME RASA NYERI

RANGSANG
mekanik,
fisik, kimia

rasa
nyeri

MEDIATOR NYERI
( histamin,
prostaglandin,
bradidikinin, dll )

Persepsi
Nyeri

Merangsang
reseptor nyeri
(NOCICEPTOR)

Susunan
Saraf Pusat
( Otak )

Tipe Nyeri

Stimulus

METODE UJI PRAKLINIK

UJI ANALGETIKA:
Hot plate reaction time
Tail flick reaction time
Acetic acid induced writhing reflex
UJI ANTI-INFLAMASI:
Carrageenan-induced paw edema
Formaldehyde-induced paw edema
Cavity model
UJI ANTI-ARTRITIS:
Collagen induced arthritis
Pressure Application Measurement
UJI ANTI-HIPERURISEMIA:
Diet induce Chicken Hyperuricaemia
Oxonic Acid induce Rat Hyperuricaemia

Hot plate reaction time

Mice were placed on the hot plate
(Analgesiometer) and the time until
either licking or jumping occurs was
recorded by a stop-watch
A cutoff period of 30 sec was
maintained to avoid damage to the paw.
The drugs or vehicle were administered
orally and the reaction time was
observed at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min
after drug administration.

HOT PLATE

ANALGESY METER

Tail Flick reaction time

Mice Tail were placed on the hot light
and the time until tail flicking was
recorded by a stop-watch
A cutoff period of 30 sec was
maintained to avoid damage to the tail.
The drugs or vehicle were administered
orally and the reaction time was
observed at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min
after drug administration.

TAIL FLICK TEST

Acetic acid induced writhing reflex

Mice were administered orally with the

drugs 1 hr prior to acetic acid (0.6%
v/v in water, 0.1ml/10g, i.p.)
administration.
The mice were placed individually in
glass beakers 5 min after acetic acid
injection and were then observed for
45 min
The number of writhing was recorded
for each animal.

writhing reflex

Carrageenan-induced paw edema

rats were injected with 0.1 ml of carrageen
(1% w/v in water) into the sub-plantar area of
right hind paw.
The drugs were given orally one hour prior to
carrageen injection and treatment continued
for 7 consecutive days.
The volume of rat paw was measured at 7th
day using plethysmometer during treatment
period.
The results were expressed as the mean hind
paw swelling as compared with the initial hind
paw thickness.

Formaldehyde-induced paw edema

The volume of the hind paw of the animals
was measured initially using plethysmometer.
After taking the initial reading, 0.1 ml of
formaldehyde (2% v/v in water) was injected
into sub-plantar aponeurosis of the left hind
foot.
The drugs were given orally one hour prior to
formaldehyde injection and treatment
continued for 7 consecutive days.
The paw volume was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6 and 7 day after injection.

Measurement of paw oedema using plethysmometry

Cavity models

Prinsip:
Peritonitis
Pleurisy
Air pouches
Keuntungan:
Exudate volume
Total and differential cell counts
Amenable to biochemistry
No interfering visceral organs
Pouch lining cells have similarities to synovial cells
Prolonged inflammation can be induced
Preformed cavities (6-day-old-pouches) give best
results

mouse air pouch model

mouse air pouch model

5 mL of sterile air was injected subcutaneously into a
shaved skin site on the back of each mouse.
The pouches were allowed to settle for 3 days to permit
the healing of the wound.
The pouch was then re-inflated with 5 mL of sterile air
and left for 3 more days before injection.
On day 8, the pouches of the experimental group were
filled with parasit suspended in 0.5 mL of endotoxinfree
The pouches were washed with endotoxin- free saline
The pouch washings were centrifuged at 100g for 10
min before enumeration of the total cells and viable
cells using trypan blue exclusion and a hemocytometer.
The supernatants of individual mice were snap frozen
for future analysis of nitric oxide and IFN, IL-2, IL-4, IL6
and IL-10.

Manipulation of cavity
models
Non-immune models
-complement dependent
-complement independent
Immune models
-active (sensitisation and challenge)
-passive (adoptive transfer of serum or cells)

Collagen induced arthritis

Animals (rats or mice) sensitised to collagen ll in adjuvant
Booster injection (mice)
Distress scoring
Examine for clinical signs
Measurement of hind paw volume (rats)
Histology

Models of arthritis
Matrix degradation
Polyarthritis
-Adjuvant arthritis
-Collagen II arthritis
Monoarticular arthritis
-non-immune
-Immune

Assessment of CIA
Clinical assessment
Disease score
Body weight
Analgesia

Joint pathology
Histology
Radiographs

Drug specific
Plasma levels
Bioactivity markers

Serum markers of
disease
progression
Acute phase
Immunology
protein
CII Ab
COMP
Ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation Bone sialoprotein
Hypersensitivity to CII

Clinical presentation of CIA

Score

3
Pictures Remi Okoye

NORMAL

WRIST SWOLLEN

WRIST + PAD
SWOLLEN

WRIST + PAD + DIGITS

SWOLLEN

Serological markers
Anticollagen II antibodies and their isotypes
Acute phase proteins
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP)
Bone sialoprotein

Collagen induced
arthritis
Similarities to RA
Susceptibility
linked to MHC
immunologically
mediated
Erosions of
cartilage & bone
Autoimmunity to
collagen seen in
some RA patients
Arthritic rather
than multisystem

Differences
RA
Disease isto
induced
The model
resolves
New bone
formation more
marked
No synovial
vasculitis
No cycles of
relapse & remission
No RF
No sex predilection

Pressure Application Measurement

BAHAN JAMU PEGAL-LINU

1

Baru Cina (Artemisia vulgaris Linn.)

Daun28

Bawang Sabrang (Eleutherine americana Umbi29

Merr)

Bungli (Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz.)

Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. ) Bunga8,32,33,34

Gadung (Dioscorea hispida Dennust)

Rimpang35

Jahe (Zingiber officinale Roxb. )

Rimpang8,1

Jangkang (Sterculia foetida L.)

Daun36,37

Jarong (Stachytarpheta mutabilis L.)

Akar38

Jeringau (Acorus calamus L)

Rimpang18

Daun27,30,31

Bungli
Baru Cina

Bawang Sabrang

Gadung

Jarong

Jangkang

Jeringau

BAHAN JAMU PEGAL-LINU

10 Jinten Hitam Pahit (Nigella sativa)

Biji8,39

11 Kapur Barus (Dryobalanops aromatica)

Kayu40

12 Kecubung (Datura metel L.)

Daun8,41

13 Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk.)

Daun8,42,43

14 Kemuning (Murraya paniculata)

Daun44

15 Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.)

Rimpang8,17,45,4

16 Kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.)

Rimpang8,10,18,2

17 Legetan (Spilanthes labadicensis A.H. Daun25

Moore (L.))
18 Legundi (Vitex trifolia L.)
Daun18,47

BAHAN JAMU PEGAL-LINU

19 Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet Rimpang48,49
(L.) J.S.E. Smith)
20 Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)

Buah8,32,49

21 Patikan Kebo (Euphorbia hirta L)

Daun8,18

22 Pegagan (Centella asiatica L)

Daun8,18

23 Pepaya (Carica papaya L.)

Daun8,50

24 Poko (Mentha arvensis L.)

Daun8,18

25 Pulai (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.)

Kulit38,51,52

26 Salam (Eugenia polyantha Wight.)

Daun53

27 Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata

Ness.)

Herba8,18,24

BAHAN JAMU PEGAL-LINU

28 Sangket (Moschoma polystachyon)

Herba25

28 Saparantu (Sindora sumatrana Miq.)

Buah52,54

29 Sawi (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis ) Biji55

30 Sembung ( Blumea balsamifera L.)

Daun56

31 Sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia L)

Akar25,38

32 Sintok (Cinnamomum sintoc Bl.)

Kulit57,58

33 Sirih (Piper betle L.)

Daun8,59,60

34 Srigading (Nyctanthes arbor-tritis L.)

Bunga/Daun

35 Temulawak
(Curcuma
xanthorriza Rimpang26
Roxb.)
36 Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.)
Akar18,62

BAHAN JAMU PEGAL-LINU TOPIKAL

Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum Bunga8,32,33,34

(L.) Merr. )

Jahe (Zingiber officinale Roxb. )

Kapur
Barus
(Dryobalanops Kayu40
aromatica Gaertn.f.)

Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk.)

Daun8,42,43

Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.)

Rimpang8,17,45,46

Lengkuas (Languas galangal L.)

Rimpang8,22

Poko (Mentha arvensis L.)

Daun8,18

Saparantu (Sindora sumatrana Buah52,54

Miq.)
Sintok (Cinnamomum sintoc Bl.) Kulit57,58

Rimpang8,17

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

BAHAN JAMU PENGHANGAT TUBUH

(RUBEFACIENT)
66

Bawang merah (Allium cepa L.)

Bawang Putih (Alium sativa L)
Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.)
Cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum Val.)
Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum)

Jahe (Zingiber officinale Roxb.)

Jambu Mede (Anacardium
occidentale L.)
8 Kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendra)
9 Lada hitam (Piper nigrum L.)
10 Lempuyang wangi (Zingiber
aromaticum Val.)
11 Sereh (Andropogon nardus)
12 Timi (Thymus vulgaris L)

Umbi lapis
Umbi8
Buah8,67
Buah68
Bunga8
Rimpang66
Biji8
Daun8,66
Buah8
Rimpang66
Herba66
Herba8

BAHAN JAMU ANTI-INFLAMASI

1

Bungli (Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz.)

Akar18-19

Badotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.)

Herba20

Cengkeh (Caryophyllus aromaticus L.)

Bunga8,21

Daruju (Acanthus illicifolius L.)

Daun21

Daun20

Daun dewa (Gynura procumbens

(Lour.) Merr.
Daun ungu (Graptophyllum pictum L.)

Jahe (Zingiber officinale Roxb.)

Rimpang8,23-24

Jintan hitam (Nigella sativa L.)

Biji25

Kayu Ules (Helicteres isora L.)

Kulit Batang26

Daun20,22

BAHAN JAMU ANTI-INFLAMASI

10

Kemuning (Muraya paniculata L.)

Daun27

11

Rimpang21

12

Kunir putih (Curcuma zedoaria

(Christm.))
Kunyit (Curcuma domestica Val.)

13

Lada hitam (Piper nigrum L.)

Buah27

14

Lengkuas (Languas galanga L.)

Rimpang8,29

15

Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.)

Buah 24,30

16

Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.)

Herba24

17

Miana/Iller (Plectranthus scutellaroides) Daun13

18

Pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)

Rimpang10,28

Arilus8,20

BAHAN JAMU ANTI-INFLAMASI

19

Pegagan (Centella asiatica L.)

Herba8,21

20

Rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus L.)

Umbi akar14

21

Herba8,24,31

23

Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata

Nees)
Sereh ((Cymbopogon Nardus L.)
Rendle.)
Sidaguri (Sida rhombifolia L.)

24

Tapak Liman (Elephantopus scaber L.)

Daun24

25

Temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata)

Rimpang20

26

Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza

Roxb.)

Rimpang8,32

22

Daun27
Akar15

BAHAN JAMU
PENGHAMBAT PEMBENTUKAN ASAM URAT
(URIKOSTATIK)
1

Anting-anting (Acalypha indica L.)

Akar1-6

Daun sendok (Plantago major L.)

Daun, Akar7-8

Kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol)

Daun9,621

Salam (Eugenia polyantha Wight.)

Daun10,622

Secang (Caessalpinia sappan L.)

Kayu10,623

Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.)

Daun16

BAHAN JAMU
PEMACU EKSKRESI ASAM URAT
(URIKOSURIK)

Meniran
(Phyllanthus niruri Linn.)

Herba6,11

Rosela
(Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

Bunga6,12-13

Rumput teki
(Cyperus rotundus L.)

Umbi akar14-15

Seledri
(Apium graveolens L.)

Herba5,6,8,625

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Kemenyan

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Jahe (Ginger)

Harpagophytum procumbens

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