The study of literature

offers the following:

Literature
It stimulates the mind to
awareness of human
Is literally
experiences.

It touches the heart.

acquaintance
with letters. It It satisfies a persons
has its Latin
sense of beauty.
derivation
It educates, enlightens,
litera which
inspires and ultimately.
means individual
written character It molds a person to
(letter).
become a better being.

Strategies
for Reading
Literature
Involves
three major
steps:
1.Previewing
2.Highlighting
3.Annotating

Step # 1: Previewing
(ask yourself the following
questions)
1. What does the title suggest?
2. Have I heard of this author
before?
3. Does my anthology provide any
information about this text?
4. What type of text is this- a
poem, a story, or a play?
5. What kind of structure does it
posses-stanza, paragraphs, acts,
scenes?
6. How is the text organized-by
contrast, or cause and effect?

Strategies
for Reading
Literature
Involves
three major
steps:
1.Previewing
2.Highlighting
3.Annotating

Step # 2: Highlighting
Read the text closely, and
highlight-by underlining words
or coloring them with a
highlight pen- the sections that
particularly strike you from the
point of view of style, structure,
ideas, characterization, or any
other key features you have
observed as a reader.

Strategies
for Reading
Literature

Involves three
major steps:
1. Previewing
2. Highlighting
3. Annotating

Step # 3: Annotating
Annotating means making
marginal notes on the books
pages, or using a pad or note
cards. This phase involves you
in the critical process of
selecting and summarizing.
After two or three reading, your
notes will eventually lead you
to respond to the literary and
cultural impact of the text by
identifying its words, imagery,
and themes.

Classification of Literature According to

Expression
A.Oral
. Oral literature is generally the literature of the ancient
times when men did not have much concern about a
permanent preservation of the expressions of their
wits and feeling/emotions.
. B. Written
. Literature is classified written when it is wielded from
the pen of the writers- the product of the writers
creative genius. It is permanent and remains as is.

Lyric 17
Jose Garcia Villa (1942)
First, poem must be magical
Then musical as a sea-gull
It must be a brightness moving
And hold secret a birds flowering
It must be slender as a bell
And it must hold fire as well
It must have the wisdom bows
And it must kneel like a rose
It must be able to hear
The luminance of dove and deer
It must be able to hide
What it seeks, like a bride
And over all I would like to hover
God, smiling from the poems cover

Classification of Literature According

to Form
POETRY it is one of the major type of
literature. Poems are often divided into lines
and stanza, with diverse and unique
characteristics and often employ regular
rhythmic patterns or ,meters. Some poems
are written in free verse. Most poems make
use of highly concise, musical, and
emotionally charged language. Many poets
make use imagery, figurative language and
special devices of sound such as rhyme.

Elements of Poetry
Persona or the voice- Is the speaker in a poem is
the character whose voice a reader hears.
Theme is the insight into life revealed by the
poem. Sometime the theme is stated directly.
Rhyme and Rhythm
Rhyme is the repetition of sounds at the ends of
words.
End rhyme-When rhyme comes at the ends of lines
of poetry.
Rhyme scheme- the pattern of end rhyme in a
poem.

Letters are used to show the rhyme

scheme, with each line receiving a letter.
The following stanza by Luis Dato in his San
Juan Bridge has a rhyme scheme of abba.
A shot the nights centurial stillness tore,
(a)
The sleeping river startled from repose,
(b)
A flash, then darkness, but from darkness
rose (b)
Shouts that would echo far oer Pasig shore.
(a)

Some poems have internal rhyme,

which is the rhyming of words whiten
the same line.
The long light shakes across the
lakes.
(shakes and lakes rhyme)

Form/Genre ( Lyric, Narrative, Dramatic)

Diction-(Connotative, Denotative)
Literary Devices ( Techniques and Figure of
speech)
Miscellaneous Elements
Tone- Is the basic attitude expressed in a
poem. i.e., serious, sad, amused, cheerful,
proud or mocking.
Mood- is the atmosphere, or general feeling,
that the reader gets from the piece.

Types and Forms

of Poetry

Lyric
Poetry
Kinds f Lyric
Poetry
1.Sonnets
2.Elegy
3.Ode
4.Songs
5.Psalms
6. Simple Lyric

Lyric Poetry
refers to the kind of poetry

meant to be sung to the

accompaniment of a lyre.
The modern generation applies
this type of poetry that
expresses emotions and
feelings of the poets.
They are usually short, simple
and easy to understand.
It is a poets thoughts and
feelings in vivid and musical
language.
It takes any forms with different
patterns of rhyme and rhythm.

Kinds of
Lyric Poetry
1.Sonnets
2.Elegy
3.Ode
4.Songs
5.Psalms
6.Simple Lyric

1. Sonnets- This lyric poem has 14 lines

with a formal rhyme scheme or pattern.
2. Elegy- this is a lyric poem which
expresses lament and mourning for the
dead, feelings of grief and melancholy.
Its theme is death.
3. Ode- This is a poem of noble feeling,
expressed with dignity, and praises for
some persons, objects, events or ideas.
It is exalted in tone and formal in
structure and content.
4. Songs- This is a poem with or without
definite number or syllables and stanza
is always accompanied by musical
instrument.
5. Psalms- This is a song praising God or
the Virgin Mary and containing
philosophy in life.
6. Simple Lyric- Includes a variety of
poems with varying theme and
characterized by subjectivity.

Narrative
Poetry

Narrative Poetry

This form describe

important events in life
Kinds of Narrative
either real or imaginary. Its
Poetry
a type of poetry that tells a
1.Epic
story.
a. Popular or
ancient epic poetry Narrative poems have a
b. Modern epic
special appeal.
poetry
They present dramatic
2. Metrical tale
events in a vivid way, using
a. Medieval
some of the same elements
Romance
as short stories: plot,
b. Ballad
characters, and dialogue.
c. Fabliau
d. Social poem

Narrative
Poetry
Kinds of Narrative
Poetry
1. Epic
a. Popular or
ancient epic poetry
b. Modern epic
poetry
2. Metrical tale
a. Medieval
Romance
b. Ballad
c. Fabliau
d. Social poem

Kinds of Narrative
Poetry
1. Epic. This is extended
narrative about heroic
exploits often under
supernatural control or
divine intervention. It may
deals with heroes and God.
a. Popular or ancient epic
poetry-is usually
without
definite author
and is slow in
the
development.
b. Modern epic poetry has a
definite author.

Narrative
Poetry
Kinds of Narrative
Poetry
1. Epic
a. Popular or
ancient epic poetry
b. Modern epic
poetry
2. Metrical tale
a. Medieval
Romance
b. Ballad
c. Fabliau
d. Social poem

Kinds of Narrative Poetry

2. Metrical Tale-This is a narrative
which is written in verse and can be
classified either as ballad or metrical
romance. It relates real or imaginary
events. It has wide scope of subject,
characters, life situations i.e.
emotional experiences that can be
light or serious.
a. Medieval Romance-This is
narrative written in verse which
deals with the adventures of the
knights wooing highborn ladies
during the age of chivalry.
b. Ballad- is a songlike poem that
tells story, often dealing with
adventure and romance.

Narrative
Poetry
Kinds of Narrative
Poetry
1. Epic
a. Popular or
ancient epic poetry
b. Modern epic
poetry
2. Metrical tale
a. Medieval
Romance
b. Ballad
c. Fabliau
d. Social poem

c. Fabliau- A comical and often

grotesque verse tale with plot
often hinge on the comical
treatment of bodily functionssex, flatulence, diarrhea. They
describe life of people and
ridicule the absurdities and
abuses of the lifetime.
d. Social Poem- This form is
either purely comic or tragic
and it pictures the life of today.

Dramatic
Poetry
1.Dramatic
monologue
2.Soliloquy
3.Character
sketch
4.Oration

Dramatic Poetry- has elements that are

closely related to the drama. It uses a
dramatic technique and may unfold a story.
Its emphasis is more on the character
rather than the narrative.
1. Dramatic monologue-is a combination
of drama and poetry. It presents some
lines or speech of a single character in a
particular but complicated situation and
sometimes in a dilemma.
2. Soliloquy-is like the monologue. The
speaker in the poem or the character in
a play delivers a passage. His thoughts
and emotions are heard by him and by
the audience.
3. Character sketch- is a poem in which
the writer is concern less with the
elements of the story.
4. Oration- is formal address elevated in
tone and is usually delivered on some
notable occasion.