Course Content

Radio Resource Management Overview

Parameter Configuration
Common Channels & Power Control
Load Control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduling
Handover Control
Resource Manager
HSDPA RRM & parameters
HSUPA RRM & parameters
HSPA+ features & parameters

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Load Control:
Module Objectives
At the end of the module you will be able to:
Describe the principles of Load Control and it's parameters in detail
Describe the relationships of Load Control with AC and PS
Identify the parameters influencing BTS load measurements

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Load Control
Load Control Functions
Radio Interface Load
Power based Radio Resource Management
Throughput based Radio Resource Management
Planning thresholds for cell loading

BTS Measurements and Reporting

Common Measurements
Dedicated Measurements
Filtering of Measurements

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Load Control Functional Overview

LC is a cell based RRM Function, utilising cell specific:
thresholds set by RNP,
load measurements,
AC, PS & LC algorithms.

RNC
LC
RM

LC performs the function of load control

in association with AC & PS

PS
AC

LC updates load status using resource measurements & estimations provided by AC & PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to the other RRM functions, e.g. PS & AC

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Load Control Functional Overview

RRM in RNC
when
changed

Load change info

parameters

Load status request

AC

Load change
estimations

WBTS NB/RS
parameters

NBAP-PRIVATE:
RRIndPeriod or
3GPP NBAP :
COMMONMEASUREMENT
REPORT

LC

measurements

measurements

NRT load

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Load change
estimations

estimations

PRACH load
measurement
Dedicated measurement
reporting

Load status

PS

Scheduling
period

Load Control
Load Control Functions
Radio Interface Load
Power based Radio Resource Management
Throughput based Radio Resource Management
Planning thresholds for cell loading

BTS Measurements and Reporting

Common Measurements
Dedicated Measurements
Filtering of Measurements

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NSN RRM: Power & Throughput based

DL uses Power Measurements and calculations for RRM decisions

DL

Ptx _ total

Ptx _ BTS , max

UL uses Power & Throughput estimations and calculations for RRM decisions

UL

Prx _ noise
1
1
1
Prx _ total
NR
defining Load
= 0% 100%

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UL (1 i ) load
j 1

Lj

1
W / Rj

Eb / N 0 j

1
j

defining Little i
Slide 9/10

Load Estimation Methods and other cell interference

Wideband power
level
Itotal
(coverage)

2 Load estimation
methods:

Throughput
based
threshold

Wideband
Power based
threshold

i=0
i=0.5
i=1

Own cell load factor

(capacity)
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UL power based load measurement

PRxTotal = PRx_Own + PRx_Other + PNoise
= PRx_NRT + PRx_RT + PRx_Other + PNoise

PRx_Other

= PRx_NRT + PRx_NC
iUL = PRx_Other / PRx_Own

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PRx_Own

DL power based load measurement

PTxTotal = PTx_Own

PTx_Common

= PTx_NRT + PTx_RT + PTx_Common

m
m
Co
on

= PTx_NRT + PTx_NC

Ch
n
an
s
el

PTx_Own
PRx_Own_DL

PRx_Other_DL

iDL = PRx_Other_DL / PRx_Own_DL

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Radio Interface Load

The BTS measures the total received power (PrxTotal) and the total transmitted power
(PtxTotal) on cell basis
The BTS reports PrxTotal & PtxTotal of each cell to the RNC
LC updates
Cell load status for each cell based on RADIO RESOURCE INDICATION
Non-controllable UL (PrxNC) & DL (PtxNC) load in cell
Semi-controllable UL (Prx_SC) & DL (Ptx_SC) load in the cell (related to PS Streaming)

AC and PS algorithms work on the current cell load status provided by LC

Denying call admission (AC) & throttling back NRT traffic (PS) are the overload actions
After scheduling PS provides LC with PrxNRT, PtxNRT & LNRT estimates
After admitting RT RAB, AC provides LC with NC load increase estimate

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System Noise & PrxNoise Autotuning Algorithm

System noise PrxNoise is the sum of all stationary noises:

PrxNoise
WCEL: -130..-50; 0.1; -105 dBm

thermal noise
interference caused by spurious emissions of other systems,
noise caused by additional equipment such as repeaters

PrxNoise can vary place to place & even time to time

PrxNoise setting affects the capacity of cell:
PrxNoise too low: overestimation of cell load and can lead to unnecessary call blocking
PrxNoise too high: underestimation of cell load and can lead to overload situation

PrxNoiseAutotuning
RNC provides Autotuning-Tool to measure unloaded system noise:
WCEL: 0 (Off) / 1 (On)
PrxUnloaded; it adjusts PrxNoise parameter based on these measurements
PrxTotal = PrxUnloaded when own cell considered unloaded / very low load;
LRT UnloadedRT & LNRT UnloadedNRT & no EDCH users in the cell
UnloadedRT & UnloadedNRT are RNC parameters (values for NRT: 1 %, RT: 2 %)
LRT & LNRT: UL load factor for own cell RT (AC estimates) & PS users (PS estimates)

PrxNoise updated by the autotuning algorithm based on PrxUnloaded

PrxNoise autotuning step size limited by PrxNoiseMaxTuneAbsolute
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PrxNoiseMaxTuneAbsolute
WCEL: 0..60; 0.5; 255 dB
255 dB: Autotuning is not limited

UL Preventive & Overload Thresholds

PrxTarget: WCEL; 0 .. 30; 0.1; 4dB
PrxOffset: WCEL; 0 .. 6; 0.1; 1dB

Noise Rise [dB]

Overloaded Area
PrxTarget [dB] + PrxOffset [dB]

Marginal Load Area

Prx Target [dB]

Feasible Load Area

PrxTarget = 10 Log10 1

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load factor
Range [0..1]

dB

DL Preventive & Overload Thresholds

total transmitted
power
Ptx Total [dBm]

PtxTarget: WCEL; -10 .. 50; 0.1; 40 dBm

PtxOffset: WCEL; 0 .. 6; 0.1; 1dB
PtxCellMax WCEL: 050; 0.1; 43dBm

Cell Maximum

Overloaded Area
Marginal Load Area

Ptx Target [dBm] + PtxOffset [dB]

Ptx Target [dBm]

Feasible Load Area

load factor

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Load Control
Load Control Functions
Radio Interface Load
Power based Radio Resource Management
Throughput based Radio Resource Management

BTS Measurements and Reporting

Common Measurements
Dedicated Measurements
Filtering of Measurements

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Common measurements taken & reported by WBTS

PtxTotal Transmitted Carrier Power
Nokia Private NBAP

PtxNonHSPATransmitted Code Power of all codes not used for HSDPA

Nokia Private NBAP

PrxTotal Received Total Wideband Power

Nokia Private NBAP

REPS Received E-DCH Power Share

Nokia Private NBAP

Acknowledged PRACH preambles

Nokia Private NBAP

Provided HSDPA Bitrate

Provided HSUPA Bitrate
Required Power

RRM in RNC needs this information for Streaming mapped on HSPA

(NST Non Scheduled Transmission)

Nokia Private part is protocol extension specified in 3GPP

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WBTS Common Measurements sent to CRNC

WBTS sends measurements periodically according setting of RRM parameter:

RRIndPeriod
Radio Resource Indication Period
WBTS; 200 .. 2000; 100; 400 ms

RADIO RESOURCE MEASUREMENT REPORT

(Nokia Private part)

RACHloadIndicationPeriod
WBTS; 0 (Off); 1 .. 20; 1; 1 RRI report

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Measurement filtering & reporting criteria in BTS

BTS measurements are averaged/filtered in BTS before reporting
L1 filtering
L3 filtering
Higher Layer filtering

BTS reports measurements to RNC when needed

Reporting criteria

Step 1:
L1 Filtering:
1 Frame = 10 ms
Step 2
L1 measurement period
(= L1 Filtering)
= 100 ms = 10 frames
( Slide 30)

Step 3:
L3 Filtering:
RRI period = 400 ms
( Slide 27)

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L1 Filtering: Prx and Ptx Total Measurements

0

...

14

Frame Prx and Ptx Total

measurements

PrxTotal/PtxTot
al

1 14
Prx / txTotal
Prx / txTotal

15 0

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Frame average
measurements

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L3 filtering: Higher layer filtering

The Measurement Filter Coefficient (k) IE indicates how filtering of the measurement
values shall be performed before measurement event evaluation and reporting.
The averaging shall be performed according to the following formula.
L1 measurement period is 100 ms (20 ms for Acknowledged PRACH preambles)

Filter response

MeasFiltCoeff
Measurement filter
coefficient k
WCEL; 0 (Off); 1 ..
14; 1; 5

Filter response

-101.5

42

-102

41
40

-102.5

Measured
-103.5

Filtered, k = 3
Filtered, k = 7

-104

Value, dB

Value, dB

39

-103

38

Measured

37

Filtered, k = 3
Filtered, k = 7

36
35

-104.5

Measurements

20

Examples:
k=2, a=0,5 both an old filtered measurement and
a new measurement have the weight of 50%
K = 0 a = 1 no L3 filtering

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Measurements

The higher the coefficient value, the more

emphasis on old filtered measurements

33

31

29

27

25

23

21

19

17

15

13

11

33

31

29

27

25

23

21

19

17

15

13

11

32

-105.5
t

33

34

-105

Measurement filtering
The RNC can order BTSs to report cell-based & connection-based measurements only if internal
thresholds are exceeded.
However, a report is sent at least once per 10 reporting periods (RNP parameters).
The filtering functionality decreases the amount of measurement messages between the BTS and the
RNC and thus decreases the load of RNC computer units.
Internally RNC repeats the cell based measurements every WBTS: RRIndPeriod to provide RRM
functions a continuous flow of measurements

BTS Measurements

Reporting period
RRIndPeriod
WBTS; 200 .. 2000;
100; 400 ms

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10 * Reporting period

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WBTS Measurements sent to CRNC

WBTS can filter a measurement report (not sent to RNC)
only inform RNC about important load changes
reduce common NBAP signaling on IuB interface

non-configurable:
PtxTotalLoadThreshold: 20%
PtxTotalChangeThreshold: 0.5dB
PrxTotalLoadThreshold: 20%
PrxTotalChangeThreshold: 0.2dB

RNC provides load threshold and value change threshold to WBTS

Parameter settings for
PtxTotal Measurement

0,5 dB
20 % of Ptx max

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Dedicated Measurements in BTS

Transmitted Code Power
WBTS send periodic measurement reports with code power measurement results from all Radio
Links (UEs in Cell_DCH)

Depending on allocated service type WBTS applies different reporting frequency:

CS Services & SRB:

CS Data Services:
PS Data Services:

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DedicatedMeasRepPeriod
WBTS; 0.5..5; 0.5; 2.5 s

DediMeasRepPeriodCSdata
WBTS; 0.5..5; 0.5; 1.5 s

DediMeasRepPeriodPSdata
WBTS; 0.5..5; 0.5; 0.5 s