Material Balance

Concepts

System, Surrounding, System boundary

Property
Extensive property (variabel, parameter)
Intensive property (variabel, parameter)

Material balance equation

System, Surrounding, Boundary

System:
any arbitrary portion or whole process set
out specifically for analysis

Surrounding:
anything outside the system
places where the inputs come and the
products go

System, Surrounding, Boundary

Boundary:
bounds to separate between system and
surrounding

System, Surrounding, Boundary

Input
flow
streams

system
boundary

Output
flow
streams

surrounding

Internal details of a system is disregarded

Only passage of material and energy across
boundary is concerned.

System classification:
Open system
mass can penetrate across the system
boundary

Closed system
mass can not move across the system
boundary

Open system:

Closed system

Material balance equation

Accumul
ation
within
the
system

Inputs
thru
system
boundarie
s

Generation
within the
system

Outputs
thru
system
boundarie
s

Consumption
within the
system

Accumulation rate of mass

The change of mass inside the system
with respect to time
Mathematical representation

d mass in the system

dt

Accumulation of mass
Steady State:
accumulation rate = 0
it means mass or mole in the system is
constant (not necessarily zero)

Unsteady State:

accumulation rate 0
mass or moles within system change with
respect to time

Differential Balance
uses the accumulation term in the
form of differential
d mass or moles in the system

dt
commonly used for unsteady state system

Integral Balance
counts the accumulation as a
difference between values at the
initial time and values at the final time
t2

mass in system dt
t1

Acc

Acc mass in system

t2

mass in system

t1

Integral Balance
all incoming and outgoing rates are
integrated from the initial time (t1) to
the final time (t2)

Differential Integral Balance

For steady state system, there is no
significant difference which balance to be
used
differential balance deals with rate, mass/time
or mole/time
integral balance account mass or mole collected
over the range of time

A steady state system will assumed in this

course unless stated explicitly otherwise

Material balance equation:

Apply for the

Total mass
Total moles
Mass of a chemical compound
Mass of an atomic species
Moles of a chemical compound
Moles of an atomic species

Material balance equation

In general, it does not apply for the

VOLUME.

Generation and Consumption of

mass
It is valid for nuclear reaction only
Will not be considered here!!

For ordinary cases, these terms will

vanish
No terms of generation/consumption of
mass
It is possible for moles, but we will use
different term, i.e. reaction

Material balance equation:

Unsteady state & ordinary system
Accumul
ation
within
the
system

Inputs
thru
system
boundarie
s

Outputs
thru
system
boundarie
s

Material balance equation:

Steady state & ordinary system
0

Inputs
thru
system
boundarie
s

Outputs
thru
system
boundarie
s