Boyles Law :
P
1
V
PV = constant
0
P1V1 = P2V2
P
1
V
Charles Law :
V
V = constant
T
V1 = V2
T1 T2
Charles Law :
V
V = constant
T
V1 = V2
T1 T2
P = constant
T
P1 = P2
T1 T2
Universal molar
(1)----------
PV =
m
RT
M
(2)----------
N
PV =
RT
NA
(3)----------
PV = NkT
Boltzmann constant , k = R
NA
= 1.38 x 1023 J K1
Example 1 :
1 mole
V
pV = nRT
Example 1 :
pV = m RT
M
Length = L
Number of molecules = N
w
Mass of a molecule = m
u
Rate of change
of momentum
= 2mu = mu2
2L
L
u
Velocity = c
Component of velocity = u, v, w
Change in momentum along Ox
= mu ( mu)
= 2mu
Time taken = distance = 2L
velocity
u
m u 2 + u 2 ++u 2
2
N
Pressure = Force = L 1
Area
L2
= m3 u12 + u22 ++uN2
L
Total force = F
= m u 2 + u 2 ++u 2
2
N
L 1
Force =
2
=
Nm<u
>
N<u >
L3
2
Pressure , p
pL3 = Nm<c2>
3
pV = Nm<c2>
3
p = Nm <c2>
V 3
p
= <c2>
3
= nm <c2>
3
back
crms =
<c >
2
pV = Nm<c2>
3
pV = mRT
M
mRT = Nm<c2>
M
3
3 RT = M<c2>
3 RT = <c2>
M
3kT
m
3RT
M
pV = Nm<c2>
3
pV = NkT
NkT = Nm<c2>
3
3 kT = m<c2>
3 kT = <c2>
m
V = 0.050 m3
m = 0.062 kg
p = 1.5 x 10 Pa
5
crms = ?
= <c2>
3
= m
V
crms =
<c2>
pV = Nm<c2>
3
pV = nRT
nRT = Nm<c2>
3
3nRT = m<c2>
N
3nRT = m<c2>
2N
2
1
2
compare Translational2
KE = mc
3kT = m<c2>
2
2
Mean translational kinetic energy of a molecule is directly
proportional to the thermodynamic temperature
Heating causes the molecules temperature increases
to speed up
3kT = m<c2>
2
2
crms =
<c2>
3kT = m<c2>
2
2
crms =
<c2>
First find the pressure exerted by the gas on the wall of the
container
a) PV NkB T b)
m 6.64 10
27
kg molecule
1
3
2
mv kBT
2
2
Translational
motion
Rotational
motion
Vibrational
motion
Temperature
Seven degrees of
freedom
- three
translational
motion
- two rotational
motion
- Two vibrational
motion
Type of molecule
monoatomic diatomic
No. of
degrees of
freedom
Total energy
3
3/2 kT
Polyatomic
5/2 kT
6/2 kT =
3kT
Real gas
For one mole of
gas molecules :
U = NA [f( kT)]
= fRT
(R = NAk)
* May
resemble an
ideal gas at
low pressures
and high
temperatures
Type of molecule
monoatomic diatomic
No. of
degrees of
freedom
Internal
energy for n
moles
3/2 nRT
Polyatomic
5/2 nRT
6/2 nRT =
3nRT
= UY - UX
vp =
2kT
m
vav =
8kT
m
vrms =
3kT
m